INV. 





Class _X3 3_^ 

Book Mis' 

(k)lpghtN"_J5^J 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



INVENTOR'S MANUAL 

HOW TO WORK A PATENT 
TO MAKE IT PAY 



A Guide to Inventors, in Perfecting their Inventions, taking 
out their Patents, and Disposing of Them 



BY 

AN EXPERIENCED AND SUCCESSFUL INVENTOR 



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INCLUDING THE NEW I9OO CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES 
CONTAINING A POPULATION OF OVER TEN THOUSAND 




3 3 3 3 



', -, \J' > %^'\ «,^ i"* «' _~ 

J 3 i ^ :> ' :> i JO :> 

NEW YORK 

NORMAN W. HENLEY & COMPANY 

132 Nassau Street 
1901 



THE LIBRARY OF 

CONGRESS, 
Two Copies Received 

APR. 17 1901 

Copyright entry 
CLASS^^XXc H9. 

6 7^7 

COPY B. 






Copyright, 1889, 

BY 

J. F. DAVISON & CO. 
Copyrighted, 1901, 

BY 

NORMAN W. HENLEY & CO. 






PREFACE. 

The object of the present work is to give the inven- 
tor and patentee some hints on patents generally, 
together with information on waj^s of exhibiting in- 
ventions, bringing them to public notice, and effecting 
sales. It may as well be understood at the outset 
that no specific directions can be given for prosecution 
in any particular case. Each patent requires special 
treatment, so that beyond the general information 
here given, ordinary business rules and customs must 
form the guide to the inventor or his agent. The 
writer has taken out a large number of patents, some 
of which have proved very lucrative, while others have 
paid nothing. The principles herein laid down are 
those upon which success has been secured. Where 
attempt to dispose of a patent has failed, it has gen- 
erally been from one of two causes : Either the inven- 
tion proved to be something which did not supply a 
real want, or else it was one of those slight improve- 
ments upon an existing invention w^hich necessitated 
narrow claims which were of little value. 

The writer in his early experience had only a slight 
appreciation of inventors as a class, and acquired the 
erroneous idea that when one makes an invention, it 



IV PREFACE, 

must necessarily be novel because it is original, and 
that it must be profitable because it is novel. Now a 
prolific inventor soon learns that there are other 
thoughtful minds beside his own, and very many of 
them, and that if he would secure something of value 
in the w^ay of invention he must be alert. 

Inventors as a class are apt to take too much for 
granted; as a consequence, the^^ often waste a great 
deal of energy in devising* something — which maj^ be 
new to them, but which proves to be ^' as old as the 
hills ^^ when the application is made. This fact was 
early learned by the writer, and it led him to ascer- 
tain what others had done in a given line before 
spending much time or labor on an invention. 

Honesty is an element of success in invention. The 
inventor must first of all be honest with himself. This 
will enable him to see just how he and his invention 
stand before the business world. He must be honest 
with those with whom he deals, otherwise he can never 
rest secure in the rewards of his invention. 

The reader will naturally inquire why the author 
does not disclose his identity. The principal reason is, 
that if he were to do so, he would be overwhelmed 
with applications for further advice, and for assistance 
in selling patents. He has not a moment to devote to 
these matters. He is in sympathy, however, with 
every honest, hard-working inventor, and wishes him 
well. The Author. 



CONTENTS. 



The Faculty of Inventing. — Why didn't some one think of 
that before ? — Questions as to Improvements. — Inventor and 
Invention. — Examples of Great Inventions. — Of Small Inven- 
tions. — How to Look at an Invention. — New Ideas. — As to the 
Patent. — How to Secure a Good Patent. — Broad Claims. — 
Attorneys. — Examination of Files at the Patent Olfice. — Ap- 
plicants. — Who may Apply for a Patent. — Caveat and Records 
of Invention. — Value of a Record in Interference. — Value of a 
Record in Selling. — The Development of an Invention.— How 
to Secure Capital. — Dangers of an Assignment of an Undi- 
vided Interest. — Form for Contract between Inventor and 
Capitalist before the Application. — Reversion of a Patent. — 
Fraud in the Sale of a Patent.— Exhibit of an Invention. — 
First Impressions. — Inventions of AVomen. — Design Patents. 
— Patents as the Basis of Business.— Profits from Invention. — 
Profits of the Air Brake.— Roller Skate.— Toys.— How Patents 
Promote Trade. — Money in Inventions.— Wealth from Inven- 
tions. — Joint Ownership. — Partly Expired Patents. — Patents 
for Improvements.— Foreign Patents.— Caution Regarding 
Foreign Patents. — Value of Newspaper Notoriety. — Advertis- 



o CONTENTS. 

ing as a Means of Introducing an Invention. — A Tale with a 
Moral. — Another Tale with a Moral. — Territorial Grants. — Where 
to Begin Selling. — Selling Agents. — Value of Patents. — How to Es- 
timate the Value of a Patent. — Invention as an Art. — State Laws 
Eegulating the Sale of Patents. — The Inventor and Promoter. — The 
Formation of a Company. — Law^ Controlling Companies. — Limited 
Liability Companies. — Forms for Application for a Patent. — Forms 
of Petition. — The Specification. — Oath by an Inventor. — Assign- 
ment of an Entire Interest in an Invention before the Issue of 
Letters Patent. — Of the Entire Interest in Letters Patent. — Of an 
Undivided Interest in Letters Patent. — Of Territorial Interest after 
Grant of Patent. — License not Exclusive with Royalty. — License 
Shop Right.— Census of the United States by Counties of over Ten 
Thousand Population. 



{ 



INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



THE FACULTY OF INVENTING. 

This faculty as popularly understood is possessed 
to a greater or less degree by every one, and is con- 
stantly active in the daily routine of life. Inventing, 
as the dictionary has it, is *^ contriving that which did 
not before exist/^ but it cannot be claimed that man 
has creative power, nor can he do otherwise than make 
use of what already exists in the great storehouse of 
nature. The fundamental principles and the materials 
in which to embody these principles are all there, and 
available to one possessing sufficient acumen to see 
them. 

The obtuseness and blindness of men are never more 
fully realized than when some inventor with more 
penetration than his fellows sees an opportunity for 
invention, invents, and acquires wealth by bringing 
into existence some simple contrivance that is immedi- 
ately adopted and asserts itself as a necessity, when 
everybody says, '^ Why didn^t some one think of that 
before ? '' 

It all seems easy enough and natural enough after 



8 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

it is done, and it is a wonder why it was not done 
before. The trouble is just here — inventors, and many 
who might be inventors, do not school themselves to 
S3^stematic observation. They should have eyes in all 
directions; they should let no observed phenomena go 
uninvestig-ated; they should revolve every subject so 
as to see its bearings on everything relating to it. No 
machine, no process, no tool, cpming under the obser- 
vation of the inventor should be allowed to pass with- 
out raising such questions as these : Can this device 
be made to yield better results than it does now? 
Can it be made to do its work quicker and cheaper 
than it does now ? Can its construction be simplified 
or cheapened ? Can power be economized ? Can 
something else simpler and cheaper be devised for the 
same purpose ? A real inventor never tires, and he 
not only scrutinizes the inventions of others, but treats 
his own in like manner. His object is to improve 
wherever an opportunity presents itself, and to secure 
to himself the benefits of such Improvements. 

It is a curious fact that although nature has alwaj^s 
shown that molecules of water fly from each other 
with great force when subjected to heat, this force 
was not fully utihzed until the days of Watt. Nearly 
all of the great inventions of modern times have sub- 
stantially the same history as that of the steam 
engine. The principles and the materials existed, but 
centuries were required to develop the inventions. 



THE FACULTY OF INVENTING, 9 

A future of vast possibilities lies before the inventor 
of to-day^ and with energy^ perseverance^ and a culti- 
vated faculty of inventing", great prizes are within his 
reach. He must avoid ruts and well-beaten paths and 
strike out in a new direction. It is one thing to say 
this, but quite another thing to do it. It is being 
done, however, and almost every day we hear of some 
inventor who has acquired wealth, and in some cases, 
honor also, in a very brief time. 



lO INVENTORS MANUAL, 



INVENTOR AND INVENTION. 

It seems superfluous to say that a patent apart 
from an invention is of no value, but many inventors 
have the impression that if an invention possesses 
patentability, it must also necessarily have pecuniar3" 
value. This is probably the g-reatest mistake made 
by the majority of inventors. To be of any value 
whatever, the invention must cover something* for 
which there is a demand, or for which a demand can 
be created. It may be an entirely new device, or it 
may be an improvement upon an existing invention; 
in any event it must have a certain degree of utilit3^ 
There are two general classes into which inventions 
may be divided; first, those having comparatively few 
applications and requiring great capital for their pro- 
motion ; such for example as the Bessemer Steel Pro- 
cess, the Westinghouse Air Brake, or the Electric 
Light; and second, those which find use in every family 
and by almost every person, such as the shoe-lace 
hook, the various buttons and buckles, the rubber- 
tipped pencil, etc. Of these two classes the latter has 
proved to be by far the most popular and profitable. 
An inventor who can convince the people of the United 
States that he has an article that is worth more to 



INVENTOR AND INVENTION II 

them than the price asked for it, even if he should only 
make a profit of a mill upon each article, the invention 
would net him a large fortune. 

The first thing to be done, therefore, is to invent 
something- that the mass of people want. It is at this 
point that the inventor is apt to err. He is liable to 
think that because his invention seems to him practi- 
cal and desirable, it will appear in the same light to 
others. Right here the lines of the Scotch Bard seem 
especially applicable. 

'' O, wad some pow'r the giftie gie us 
To see oursels as ithers see us ! 
It wad frae monie a blunder free us, 
And foolish notion. 

If an inventor is able to forget himself to such an 
extent as to look upon his invention with unbiased 
eyes, it may appear in a new light to him. First of 
all he must be honest with himself. Does his inven- 
tion appear really valuable in his own estimation ? 
If this question is settled in the affirmative, the next 
question will be, is he alone in the field of his particular 
invention, or has he a thousand competitors ? An in- 
vention that is obvious to every one is of no particular 
value to any one. An invention of this class is only 
such in name, and may be regarded as a mere piece of 
good judgment involving no invention whatever. 

The thing for the inventor to do is to make a new 
departure; leave the old grooves and strike out for 



12 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

sometliing- new. But how is he to do this ? Certainly 
not by following" the sug-g-estions of others, particularly 
those who furnish lists of ^' inventions wanted/^ for the 
reason that when the fact is known that a certain in- 
vention is wanted, the most valuable point in the in- 
vention is gained. A suggestion upon which the in- 
ventor can base his invention is often worth thousands 
of dollars. It cannot, therefore, be supposed that any 
one will furnish such sug-gestions gratis, or for a mere 
nominal sum. 

A certain class of people who think themselves to be 
inventors say, ^""if some one would tell us what is 
needed we would invent it,^' forgetting that the princi- 
pal secret of invention is to find out this very thing. 
The very word " invention ^^ means the calling into 
existence of something not before known. 

Now, as to the method of invention, little can be 
said. The habit of observation is of the greatest im- 
portance to the inventor. By observation he catches 
ideas which will lead to invention. By the exercise of 
this faculty the inventor sees wherein the existing 
methods and machines are defective, and thus dis- 
covers opportunities for new methods and new ma- 
chines. 

It is seldom that an inventor hits upon an entirely 
new idea ; occasionally, however, he is able to do this. 
It is generally by continued investigation and really 
hard work that an entirely new and valuable invention 



INVENTOR AND INVENTION, 1 3 

is made. The valuable inventions or discoveries made 
by accident are very few. The vulcanization of 
rubber, the art of lithography, and the principle of the 
turbine are said to have been discovered by accident, 
but these are rare examples. 



14 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 



AS TO THE PATENT. 

Having made an invention, the next important 
step is to protect it as completely as possible. The 
Patent Laws of the United States, and the Official 
Rules of the Patent Office, are all favorable to the 
thorough protection of an invention. If an invention 
is not entirely new, it must necessarily^ be subservient 
to existing- patents, or its scope will be limited by 
expired patents or by devices that have been in public 
use or on sale for more than two years prior to the 
invention. If an invention is new, the inventor is 
entitled to very broad claims, and his specification 
should be ample and of such a nature that a man 
skilled in the art to which the invention appertains 
may gain from the drawing and specification, such 
knowledge of the invention as will enable him to con- 
struct and operate the machine or apparatus, if it be 
a mechanical invention, or to carry out the method if 
it be a patent for a way of accomplishing a certain 
result, or to carry out the process if it be an applica- 
tion for a patent for a process, or to form a composi- 
tion of matter if the invention belongs to that class. 

A patent which fails to give this information is of 
no value. In every case the claims should be as broad 



AS TO THE PATENT 1 5 

as is consistent with the state of the art to which the 
invention appertains. If the invention is entirely new, 
each portion thereof which has any function should be 
claimed separately, in clear, concise terms, so that no 
possible doubt can exist as to the meaning- of the claim. 
In addition to this, the parts may be claimed in com- 
bination, introducing* only so many elements into each 
claim as are required to form an operative combina- 
tion, for it must be understood that if the results can 
be secured by fewer elements than are incltided in the 
claim, the person who thus utilizes several of the 
elements, omitting others, does not infringe the claim. 
In attempting- to realize from a patent very much 
depends upon the character of the specification and 
claims. As a rule, it is not advisable for the inventor 
to prepare his own application for a patent, for while 
he may thoroughly understand his invention, it cannot 
be supposed that he is informed on the intricacies of 
the Patent Law, and the peculiarities of the workings 
of the Patent Office, and the chances are that an in- 
ventor who attempts to secure his own patent will 
either absolutely fail, or secure a patent which is 
utterly worthless. The case is nearly as bad when 
the invention is intrusted to an attorney who is in- 
competent and inexperienced in the practice of the 
Patent Law, or in practice before the Patent Office; 
and it is equally as bad if the attorney has not a 
mechanical or scientific mind which will enable him to 



1 6 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

comprehend the invention, and to draw a specification 
which will describe the invention in such terms as to 
leave no doubt as to the meaning* of the inventor and 
the character of his invention. It also requires a 
peculiar mind to frame claims which are adequate to 
protect an invention. It is, therefore, advisable to 
mtrust the business of procuring- a patent to a re- 
sponsible and competent attorney, and the question of 
fees should be the last one raised, if the inventor 
really believes he has a valuable invention. 

If the inventor has an invention which is but an 
improvement on some previous invention, or if it con- 
sists merely in a combination of old, well-known 
devices, which accomplishes a new result, he is entitled 
to a patent, but his patent will be necessarily limited 
by the fact that the novelty consists merely in the 
combination, which in many cases may be broken and 
something equally as good may be produced by another 
combination. Frequently the attorney is blamed for 
introducing claims covering too many elements, when 
in reality such claims are the only ones that could be 
obtained. It is unfair, not to say unjust to the at- 
torney, to judge of a patent by merely examining the 
claims without reference to the action of the Patent 
Office in the case. No just conclusion can be arrived 
at without first examining the file at the Patent 
Office containing memoranda of all the actions in the 
case. 



APPLICANTS. 17 



APPLICANTS. 

"" A PATENT may be obtained by any person who has 
invented or discovered any new and useful art, ma- 
chine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any 
new and useful improvement thereof, not known or 
used by others in this country, and not patented or 
described in any printed publication in this or any 
loreig-n country, before his invention or discovery 
thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than 
two years prior to his application, unless the same is 
proved to have been abandoned; and by any person 
who, by his own industry, g*enius, efforts, and expense, 
has invented and produced any new and original 
design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or 
bas-relief; any new and original design for the print- 
ing of woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics; any new 
and original impression, ornament, pattern, print, or 
picture to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed 
on or worked into any article of manufacture; or any 
new, useful, and original shape or configuration of any 
article of manufacture, the same not having been 
known nor used by others before his invention or pro- 
duction thereof, nor patented nor described in any 

printed publication. 
2 



1 8 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

'' If it appear that the inventor, at the time of making 
his application, believed himself to be the first inventor 
or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account 
of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, 
having- been known or used in any foreign country 
before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not 
been before patented or described in any printed pub- 
lication. 

^^ Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent, neither 
can claim one separately. Independent inventors of 
distinct and independent improvements in the same 
machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate 
inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the 
capital and another makes the invention entitle them 
to make application as joint inventors; but in such 
case they may become joint patentees. 

" The receipt of letters patent from a foreign govern- 
ment will not prevent the inventor from obtaining a 
patent in the United States unless the invention shall 
have been introduced into public use in the United 
States more than two years prior to the application. 
But every patent granted for an invention which has 
been previously patented by the same inventor in a 
foreign country will be so limited as to expire at the 
same time with the foreign patent, or if there be more 
than one, at the same time with the one having the 
shortest unexpired term ; but in no case will it be in 
force more than seventeen years.^^ 



CAVEATS AND RECORDS OF INVENTION, 1 9 



CAVEATS AWD RECORDS OF INVENTION. 

A CAVEAT, under the patent law, is a notice given to 
the office of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order 
to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the 
same alleged invention upon an application filed dur- 
ing the life of the caveat without notice to the caveator. 

Any citizen of the United States who has made a 
new invention or discovery, and desires further time to 
mature the same, may file in the Patent Office a caveat 
setting forth the object and the distinguishing charac- 
teristics of the invention, and praying protection of his 
right until he shall have matured his invention. The 
caveat is filed in the confidential archives of the Patent 
Office and preserved in secrecy, and is operative for 
the term of one year from the filing thereof. 
' An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in 
the United States one year next preceding the ffiing of 
his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to 
become a citizen. 

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, 
when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, 
and, like the application, must be limited to a single 
invention or improvement. 

A caveat may be renewed from year to year. 



20 INVENTORS MANUAL, 

Many inventors have the erroneous idea that a 
caveat is of the same nature as a patent^ and that the 
protection afforded is tlie same as that of a patent, 
but for a shorter period. The fact is, a caveat simply 
prevents another inventor from gaining- an advantage 
over the caveator. A caveat is very useful when the 
invention is complicated, as it enables the inventor to 
work on his invention year after year until it is com- 
pleted, while he knows that no patent can issue to 
another without his receiving a three months^ notice, 
thus giving him the necessary time for the completion 
of his invention and the application for a patent. 
When an invention is complete, it is desirable to secure 
a patent as early as practicable. 

Some of the prominent inventors keep an accurate 
record of their progress in the development of an in- 
vention, illustrating it with sketches, signing it and 
dating it with each new addition, and where practic- 
able having it witnessed by two or more witnesses. 
This plan is preferred b3^ many to filing a caveat'. 
Such a record is certainly very important in the case 
of an interference, as it enables the inventor to fix the 
dates of the various steps in his invention beyond a 
question. It is a sort of evidence that cannot be im- 
peached. Such a record often proves of great value 
in effecting sales and in fixing the price of a patent, as 
it shows the amount of labor involved in bringing the 
invention to a perfected state, 



CAVEATS AND RECORDS OF INVENTION, 21 

Of course these remarks do not apply to every in- 
vention. A small invention which appears in its per- 
fect and final shape on its conception in the inventor^s 
mind, would require only such memoranda as would 
fix the date of the first conception and of reducing- the 
invention to practical form. This record would be 
useful only in an interference. 



22 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INVENTION. 

An inventor who has ample means can proceed with 
the necessary experiments, construct machinery and 
apparatus, inform himself as to the state of the art 
and file his application for a patent without consulting- 
his friends or making* his invention known except to 
his attorney and the Patent Office. Such an inventor 
has the advantage over one of limited means, not only 
in this respect, but in promoting the invention after 
the patent is issued. A poor inventor can seldom 
afford to run the risks incident to applying for patents, 
since in the first place he is not certain of success in 
obtaining a patent, and in the second place, if he suc- 
ceeds in securing a patent it may have no value, or 
even if it has real merit, it may be impossible for him 
to promote it by the means at his command. He is 
therefore, tempted to part with a small interest in his 
invention for the sake of securing the necessary funds 
for the preliminary experiments, for the patent, and 
for the construction and operation of the machine, if 
the invention is for a machine, or for the development 
of a process, if the invention belongs to that class. 

An inventor in this predicament is apt to make a 
fatal mistake by assigning to another an undivided 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE INVENTION, 23 

interest in his invention. Such an assignment appears 
fair enough on the face of it^ as it would seem that the 
proceeds of the patent should, under such an assign- 
ment, be divided according to the several interests pro 
rata. This would be an equitable division of the 
profits, but in this kind of an assignment an oppor- 
tunity is offered to the assignee of manufacturing, 
using, and selling to others to be used, the articles 
covered by the patent, also to grant territorial rights, 
such grants being unlimited by the terms of the as- 
signment, and it matters little how small the interest 
conveyed by such an assignment, the assignee can 
proceed with the patent in much the same way as if 
he were the sole owner. The inventor cannot bring an 
action in the civil court against the assignee for an 
accounting, neither can he affect the actions of those 
having territorial grants under the patent, or licenses 
to manufacture. 

It will thus be seen that the assignee of an undivided 
interest has a decided advantage over the inventor, if 
he is inclined to be dishonorable. It may be safely 
stated that a large proportion of inventors have vir- 
tually lost their inventions by making an assignment 
of an undivided interest. It is, therefore, not advisable 
to make such an assignment unless the assignee is 
worthy of the utmost confidence. 

A better way to secure the means for the develop- 
ment, patenting, and the introduction of the invention 



24 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

is to enter into contract with the part^^ furnishing* the 
means, the terms of which secure to the party a certain 
proportion of the proceeds of the invention, and at the 
same time g-uarantee the inventor sufficient means to 
carry out his invention. As a rule, it is not difflcult 
to find men who are willing to invest the amount nec- 
essary to develop and patent an invention, for a small 
percentage of the proceeds of the manufacture and 
sale, or of territorial g-rants. Generally the inventor 
can find those among his acquaintances who are will- 
mg to do this. In any case, whatever is agreed upon 
should be in the form of a contract, couched in such 
terms as to leave no doubt as to the understanding 
between the parties. 

A form for such a contract is given below : 

Agreement Prior to Application for Patent. 

Whereas I, , of , County of 

and State of , have invented a new 



and useful improvement in , for which I am 

about to apply for Letters Patent of the United States, 

and whereas , of , is desirous 

of obtaining* an interest in the net profits arising from 
the sale or working of the said invention under such 
Letters Patent of the United States as may hereafter 
be granted : 

Now This Indenture Witnesseth, that for and in 
consideration of one dollar paid by each of the parti-es 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE INVENTION. 25 

hereto to the other, the receipt of which is hereby ac- 
knowledg'ed, it is stipulated and agreed as follows: 

First, that the said , shall pay all moneys 

necessary to the construction of a suitable model to 
represent the said invention; that he shall pay all 
expenses necessarily incurred in procuring* Letters 
Patent of the United States; that he shall pay all nec- 
essary expenses incurred in the construction of a work- 
ing machine (or in carrying out the process) ; that he 
shall make diligent effort to promote the invention, its 

manufacture and sale; Second, that the said , 

inventor of the said in consideration of the 

payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay 

to the said , 25 per cent of all net receipts in 

any manner arising from the sale or working of the 
said patent during the term for which the said patent 
may be granted. 

Witness our hands and seals this day of 

, A. D. 18—. 

(Seal) 



In presence of 



Reversion of a Patent. 

It is common to have a contract between the patentee 
and the manufacturer, with conditions for the rever- 
sion of the patent or privilege granted under the patent 



26 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

in case the manufacturer should fail to comply with 
the contract. If a party obtains an assig^nmen^; of a 
patent under a contract which binds him to use dili- 
gence in the prosecution of the manufacture or sale, 
and to use money in the introduction and promotion 
of the patent or patented article, a failure to do any- 
thing* on the part of the assignee or to use due dili- 
gence, the inventor may by due process of law set 
aside the contract and recover his patent. 

Fraud in the Sale of a Patent. 

When a patented machine is sold under false repre- 
sentations and the capacitj^ of the machine or the value 
of the process is grossly overestimated, or if the patent 
appears to be inoperative or valueless, the sale may 
be set aside by the buyer, and when a note is given for 
the purchase of a patent right, if the patent is void 
and the invention of no value, the note given for such 
invention is void as between the parties. 



THE EXHIBIT OF THE INVENTION. 2/ 



THE EXHIBIT OF THE INVENTION. 

Many inventors after they have conceived an inven- 
tion are in such haste to get it into some kind of pre- 
sentable shape that they proceed without due regard 
to the perfection of detail. Such inventors frequently 
get patents for inventions which are so crude and 
primitive as to be entirely worthless, and even after 
the patent is obtained, they fail to perfect their inven- 
tion before submitting it to promoters or capitalists. 
As a consequence, the first exhibit of the invention is 
merely a chapter of mistakes and excuses. Certain 
portions of the device have not been quite perfected, 
and this or that needs to be done to accomplish the 
desired results. 

This may seem well enough to the sanguine inven-. 
tor, but such procedure as this is fatal to the success 
of the invention. It must be remembered that those 
who furnish capital for the promotion of the invention, 
and those who assist inventors in placing their inven- 
tions on a business basis, are, as a rule, neither me- 
chanical nor scientific, and can, therefore, make no 
allowance for imperfections or mistakes. 

The inventor, if he can avoid it, should never exhibit 
to any one an imperfect model, machine, or process. 



28 IN V EN-TOR'S MANUAL, 

It is better to even spend a 3^ear or so in the perfec- 
tion of an invention than to exhibit something- that is 
so imperfect as to require a multitude of excuses and 
promises as to future improvements. First impres- 
sions are all-important; therefore the inventor should 
prepare such models and exhibits of his invention as 
will present it in the best possible shape. There must 
be no mistake about its performance if it be a machine, 
a piece of apparatus, or a process. The writer knows 
of cases in which the ver^^ best of opportunities were 
lost by failing- to act in accordance with these simple 
common-sense observations. 



INVENTIONS OF WOMEN, 29 



INVENTIONS OF WOMEN. 

It is only within a few years that many women have 
turned their attention to the subject of patents, and 
even now the proportion of patents taken out by 
women is very small indeed; but there is no reason 
why it should not be much larg-er. In household 
matters women have an opportunity to see chances 
for invention which would entirely escape the atten- 
tion of men^ and they frequently do make inventions 
which are put into practical use without realizing- that 
they are patentable and mig-ht yield a handsome 
income. It may be safely said that the proportion of 
successful patents taken out by women exceeds the 
proportion of successful patents taken out by men. 
There would, therefore, seem to be every encourag-e- 
ment for women in the line of invention. 

It is unnecessary for women to g"o outside of home 
for subjects for inventions; household utensils, furni- 
ture, and ornaments supply a larg-e field for invention ; 
wearing apparel affords many opportunities for inven- 
tion. Large manufacturers of women^s, misses^, and 
children's furnishing* goods are always ready to pur- 
chase patents covering novelties in their respective 
lines. 



30 INVENTORS MANUAL, 



DESIGN PATENTS. 

There is a class of inventions which seems to have 
been overlooked by many inventors, but which has 
proved profitable to others. We refer to the invention 
of designs. While it is seldom that a design patent 
bring-s a very large sum, yet one who is fertile in the 
invention of designs can turn out a great many 
patents of this class in the course of a year, which in 
the aggregate will net a very handsome sum. 

This particular branch of invention is one in which 
women may engage to advantage. In fact, many of 
them produce designs well worthy of a patent, which 
are given away, for the reason that the idea of patent- 
ing them never enters their mind. By a little effort 
women who are artistically inclined may produce 
designs for wall paper, for carpets, jewelry, silver 
ware, furniture, pottery, glass ware, etc. 

Design patents may be taken on parts of machines. 
Many a machine has met with a ready sale on account 
of its appropriate or elegant form. Sometimes a 
machine or piece of apparatus which cannot be pro- 
tected by a patent for construction might form the 
subject of a design patent which will afford ample pro- 
tection. A machine ugly in appearance may be put 



DESIGN PATENTS. 3 1 

into new framework and made to appear like a different 
machine^ and whereas, before its change of design it 
seemed to be unsalable, the new form catches the eye, 
and attention being drawn in this way to the machine, 
a sale is effected. 

It will thus be seen that design patents have an m- 
direct as well as a direct value. As a rule design 
patents must be sold to large manufacturers. They 
cannot be worked apart from the manufactory. For 
this reason they are more or less subject to the manu- 
facturer, who may buy them or not, as he pleases, but 
a really new and elegant design will always find a 
market. 



32 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 



PATENTS AS THE BASIS OF BUSINESS. 

One of the legitimate uses of patents is the protec- 
tion of an industry or monopoly. The man who has 
invented a really g-ood thing which is likely to be 
largely in demand, if he consults his own interests will 
manufacture the article himself, and will thus not only 
make the inventor's profit, but also the manufacturer's 
profit, which is quite as important. In this case, if 
the inventor has not the means wherewith to estab- 
lish a business on the basis of his patent, he can read- 
ily secure a partner, and while he will be obliged to 
divide the profits with his partner, he will still have 
the advantage of manufacturing the article with as 
much profit to himself as he would realize from a roy- 
alty, and beside this, he would be the proper person to 
manage the business of manufacturing, and would 
therefore be entitled to a salary, which to some extent 
would offset the proportion of the profits which goes 
to the partner. 



PROFITS FROM INVENTIONS. 

It is stated that Mr. Westinghouse has made $20,- 
000,000 out of the air brake. It was called at first a 



PROFITS FROM INVENTIONS. 33 

"small thing," using air in that way, says the Iron In- 
dustrial Gazette^ but it has panned out well. Other 
"small things" have rewarded mechanics well. The 
lead-pencil rubber tip cleared its inventor $100,000; the 
metal rivet or eyelet for miners' coat and trousers' 
pockets brought its inventor a fortune ; boot and shoe 
heel and sole plates of metal cleared $1,250,000; the 
glass bell inverted over lamps and gas jets cleared a 
fortune; the simple plan of fastening powdered emery 
on cloth made a fortune; the roller skate cleared 
$1,000,000 before the craze died out; the gimlet screw 
realized millions ; copper tips for shoes netted millions ; 
the simple needle threader netted $10,000 a year; toys 
and playthings have cleared thousands; the ball with 
the rubber string brought an income of $50,000 a year; 
the "Dancing Jim Crow" netted $75,000 a year; Pha- 
raoh's serpents cleared $50,000; the "wheel of life" 
cleared $50,000; the chameleon top cleared a fortune; 
the " Pigs in Clover ' ' puzzle has within one year made 
its inventor a fortune; the pencil sharpener cleared a 
fortune. Hundreds of "small things " have turned out 
well. If you have an idea, bring it out and let the 
busy and inquisitive world see it. The mechanics who. 
have been enriched by little inventions far exceed in 
number those who have reaped fame and fortune by 
great inventions. Put on your thinking-cap, and dive 
into the world of possibilities. The fortune is there if 

you only know how to find it. 
3 



34 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



HOW PATENTS PROMOTE TRADE. 

^^ Patents and trade go hand in hand. Take away 
the motive of invention and you destroy an important 
allj^ of improvement. It is said that inventors always 
will invent; that inventions come when they are 
needed, and common phrase makes them to be, as it 
were, automatically evolved out of the necessities of 
business. Inventions do not come merely because they 
are needed, but because they are needed and will be 
paid for, and it is only by making- them property, and 
protecting them as property, that they are worth pur- 
chase. They are influenced, like other things, by the 
law of supply and demand; but the law of supply and 
demand does not operate where there is no inducement 
to supply, and no payment accompanies the demand. 
Demand must come with purse in hand, or supply does 
not respond. The patent system is based upon this 
fundamental law of political economy. Inventions do 
not come when and merely because they are called for, 
as by the stroke of a magician^s wand. Long years 
must perhaps be spent in study and costly experi- 
ment. A premium was offered for a steam engine by 
Charles II., but Watt only produced one under George 
III. A steam plough has been a desideratum for a 
generation, but the demand has not yet produced the 
supply.^^ 



MONEY IN INVENTIONS, * 35 



MONEY IN INVENTIONS. 

'' One of the best opportunities for a young- fellow to 
make money quickly in these days/^ said a self-made 
millionaire of this city to a writer on the New York 
Tribune^ recently^ " is to rack his brains until he has 
invented something- useful or that the public w^ants/^ 
A general impression prevails that it takes a skilled 
engineer or a man of phenomenal inventive ability to 
develop anything useful to manufacturers in this age 
of machinery. But there is a wide field open to shrewd 
amateurs^ so to speak^ to supply little articles of con- 
venience to housekeepers^ shopkeepers, etc., and de- 
signers can be had at reasonable rates to execute the 
idea, once it is conceived. American women are so 
accustomed to getting what they want that anything- 
which lightens their labors in the household is sure to 
^^go.^^ When I was a boy on the farm at home, my 
mother used to make me clean all the dinner knives on 
Sunday with bath brick. Now, scraping this brick into 
a fine powder, without lumps in it, used to be the most 
tedious part of the whole work. The other day I heard 
of a man who has made a fortune by supplying the 
trade with powdered bath brick in neat packages. You 
know how difficult it is to pick up small coins from a 



36 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

wooden counter. Yet the whole civihzed world has 
g-rowled at and endured it since coins were stamped 
and counters made^ until the other day a young fellow 
invented a rubber mat with little bristles of rubber 
standing- up thickly all over it. Coins thrown on the 
mat are as easily picked up as if they stood on edge. 
The public was quick to appreciate it, and the inventor 
need not work for a living any longer. 



WEALTH FROM INVENTIONS, 3/ 



WEALTH FROM INVENTIONSo 

Senator Platt, in his vigorous speech in Congress 
in support of our Patent Laws, claimed that two -thirds 
of the ag-g-reg-ate wealth of the United States is due 
to patented inventions; that two-thirds of the $43,000,- 
000,000 which represent the ag-g-reg-ate wealth of the 
United States rests solely upon the inventions, past 
and present, of this country. 

MuUhall, in his "Progress of the World,^' writes, 
" that in effect, the invention of machinery has g-iven 
mankind an accession of power beyond calculation. 
The United States, for example, make 1,000,000 sewing- 
machines yearly, which can do as much work as for- 
merly required 12,000,000 women working* by hand/' 

A sing-le shoe factory in Massachusetts turns out as 
many pairs of boots as 30,000 boot makers in Paris. 



JOINT OWNERSHIP. 

Where two parties are joint owners of a patent, 
neither can sue the other for inf ring-ement ; and further, 
neither joint owner can sue the other to compel an ac- 



38 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

counting' of the profits of the manufacture by the other 
of the patented article. 

The decisions bearing- on these cases are Aspinwall 
vs. Gill, 32 Fed. Rep. 691; Yose vs. Sanger, 4 Allen, 226. 



PARTLY EXPIRED PATENTS. 

After a patent has run a few years it is generally 
difficult to realize much from it unless the patentee is 
able to improve his invention to such an extent as to 
entitle him to further patents, and while the original 
patent cannot be prolonged, it frequently happens that 
the improvements prove to be far more valuable than 
the original patent and these run the full term of sev- 
enteen years. 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

Many Americans who have worthy and valuable in- 
ventions do not seem to realize the importance of tak- 
ing out foreign patents, or if they do they are too 
easily discouraged by the great expense. It is a well- 
known fact that many inventions patented both in the 
United States and Europe, have proved by far the 
more profitable in Europe. Where the expense of for- 
eign patents is the obstacle, it would seem better to 



FOREIGN PA TENTS. 39 

part with a large proportion of the foreign interests for 
the sake of securing the patents rather than to fail of 
getting them. 

In almost every community there are moneyed men 
who are perfectly willing to chance the comparatively 
small sum required for securing foreign patents, who 
will take a quarter or a half interest in the invention 
and furnish the necessary means for securing patents 
abroad. One precaution is necessary in the taking out 
of foreign patents, that is, to have the patents filed so 
as to secure the longest term in each country. Every 
competent patent solicitor understands how to arrange 
these matters so as not to jeopardize any of the inven- 
tor's interests. 

In securing an attorney for preparing and prosecut- 
ing foreign patents it is very important to do the busi- 
ness with a house of undoubted standing, so as to insure 
the prompt payment of the taxes, and thus prevent the 
expiration of a patent which would otherwise lapse. 



Argentine Eepublic. 

In this country patents are usually taken for ten 
years. They are also granted for five and fifteen years. 
The cost of a patent for ten years is about $300. This 
covers all the expenses of the patent, as there are no 
taxes. 



40 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

Australia. 

It requires several different patents to cover the colo- 
nies of Australasia. There are seven such colonies. 
The expense is about $100 each. The term is fourteen 
years, and working is not required. 



Austria. 

It is not necessary that the applicant for a patent in 
Austria should be the inventor. Any one may apply 
for the patent. 

The average cost for an application for a patent in 
Austria, when secured through a reputable American 
house, is $100. This sum includes the Government 
taxes and all the expenses for the first year, including 
the agents' fees. 

Austrian patents are granted for fifteen years, subject 
to annual taxes. Within three years working is re- 
quired. 

The application must be filed before the invention is 
published in Austria or any other country, or made 
public anywhere. 



Belgium. 

It costs about $75 to apply for a patent in Belgium. 
In this country the first applicant gets the patent. It 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 4 1 

maj^ be taken for twenty years. It must be worked 
within a year of its being worked elsewhere. 



British India. 
A patent in this country runs for fourteen years. 
After four years a yearly tax must be paid. This pat- 
ent, covers British India in its entirety. The cost is 
generally about $150. 



Canada. 

The Canadian Patent Laws are liberal, and particu- 
larly favorable to citizens of the United States. 

Patents may be taken for six to twelve, or eighteen 
years. The application may be for eighteen years, or 
it may be for the shortest term, six years. It can then 
be extended for six or twelve years. 

The Canadian application must be filed within one 
year of the date of the United States or other patent. 

Assignments may be made as in the United States. 

Caveats can be filed in the Canadian Patent Oifice, 
and provisional protection for a year may be procured 
at a nominal expense. 

As a rule, any invention that is profitable in the 
United States is valuable in Canada. 

The cost is $45 for six years, $85 for eighteen years. 
These sums include the Government and attorneys' 
fees. 



42 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

Chili. 

In Chili a patent costs about $400. An invention 
that is entirely new in this country can be patented. 
Working is required. Taxes are not imposed. 



Denmark. 

A patent is granted in Denmark for fifteen years. It 
costs $90, and is subject to a yearly tax. Only the in- 
ventor can obtain the patent. 

Any printed publication will prevent the granting of 
a valid patent except as provided by the International 
Convention. 

A patent must be worked in Denmark. 



France. 

In France a patent can be taken for a term of fifteen 
years. There is an annual tax which must be paid, to 
keep the patent in force. The cost is usually $76, 
including the first tax. 

The first applicant, whether the inventor or intro- 
ducer, is entitled to the patent. 

Patent of addition can be had for improvements. 
The cost of this is about $50. The invention must be 
worked within two years. 

The French colonies are all included iu a French 
patent. 



FOREIGN PATENTS, 43 

Germany. 

A patent is granted for a term of fifteen years in Ger- 
many. It covers all the German States. One hundred 
dollars usually pays for the patent and the first year's 
taxes. An invention should be patented in Germany 
before it is made public there. Annual taxes are re- 
quired in Germany. 

Working within three years is required. 



Great Britain. 

A British provisional patent may be secured for nine 
months at a cost of $40, including the Government and 
agents' fees. The first applicant can obtain it. It 
makes no difference whether he is the real inventor or 
merely the introducer. Within the nine months a 
second fee must be paid to complete the patent. This 
fee is usually $35. This makes the completed patent 
cost $75. This sum covers the Government and agency 
fees for four years, after which taxes are required. 

A British patent, in addition to England, includes 
Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. 



Hungary. 

The laws of Hungary are not materially different 
from the laws of Germany. The cost is $100, and an- 
nual taxes are required. 



44 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

Italy. 

Eighty dollars is an average fee for a patent in Italy. 
This sum includes all the fees payable during the first 
year. The term of a patent in Italy is fifteen years. 
Working is required within two years, and a tax must 
be paid yearly. 

Norway. 

Ninety dollars usually pays for a patent in Norway. 
The term of the patent is fifteen years, and working and 
taxes are required. The real inventor must apply, and 
the invention must not have been made public in any 
way. ^ 

Portugal. 

In this country the patent can be taken for any de- 
sired length of time up to fifteen years. There are no 
taxes. 

The fees are so variable for the different lengths of 
time and for different attorneys that they cannot be 
stated. 

EussiA. 

The cost of a patent in Russia is $125. This sum 
includes the taxes for the first year. The term of a 
patent is fifteen years. Working is required within 
five years. The patent includes Poland and Siberia. 



\ 



FOREIGN PATENTS, 45 

Spain. 

A patent is taken for twenty years in Spain. The 
real inventor or any one else can apply. There is an 
annual tax. Eighty dollars pays for the patent, the 
first tax, and the agents' fees. 



Sweden. 

In this country the patent is obtained on practically 
the same conditions as in Norway. 



Switzerland. 

Only the inventor can secure a patent in Switzerland. 
Fifteen years is the term of the patent, and a tax is 
payable yearly. The patent must be worked. The 
cost is about $100. 



Other Foreign Patents. 

No patents are granted in Holland. Patents are 
granted in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Finland, Japan, 
Luxembourg, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, South Africa, 
Turkey, and Venezuela. The inventor had better secure 
information regarding patents in these countries from 
his attorney, as in some of them the fees are variable 
and attorDeys differ in the prices charged. 



46 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



LAWS EELATING TO PATENTS AND PATENT 

CAUSES PASSED BY THE FIFTY- 

FOUETH CONGEESS. 

AN ACT REVISING AND AMENDING THE STATUTES 
RELATING TO PATENTS. 

Be IT ENACTED BY THE SENATE AND HoUSE OF EePKE- 
SENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CON- 
GRESS ASSEMBLED, That section forty-eight hundred and 
eighty-six of the Eevised Statutes be, and the same 
hereby is, amended by inserting on line four, after the 
word "country," the words ^^ before his invention or 
discovery thereof," and on line five, after the word 
"thereof," the words "or more than two years prior to 
his application," so that the clause so amended will 
read as follows : 

"Section 4886. Any person who has invented or 
discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufac- 
ture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful 
improvements thereof, not known or used by others in 
this country, before his invention or discovery thereof, 
and not patented or described in any printed publica- 
tion in this or any foreign country, before his invention 
or discovery thereof, or more than two years prior to 
his application, and not in public use or on sale in this 



LA WS RELA TING TO PA TENTS, 47 

country for more than two years prior to his applica- 
tion, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, 
may, upon payment of the fees required by law, and 
other due proceeding had, obtain a patent therefor." 

Section 2. That section forty-nine hundred and 
twenty of the Revised Statutes be, and the same hereby 
is, amended by adding to the third clause of said sec- 
tion after "thereof" and before ^^or" the following 
words : " or more than two years prior to his applica- 
tion for a patent therefor," so that the section so 
amended will read as follows : 

"Section 4920. In any action for infringement the 
defendant may plead the general issue, and, having 
given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his attorney 
thirty days before, may prove on trial any one or more 
of the following special matters : 

" First, That for the purpose of deceiving the public 
the description and specification filed by the patentee 
in the Patent Office was made to contain less than the 
whole truth relative to his invention or discovery, or 
more than is necessary to produce the desired effect; 
or, 

" Second, That he had surreptitiously or unjustly ob- 
tained the patent for that which was in fact invented by 
another, who was using reasonable diligence in adapt- 
ing and perfecting the same ; or, 

"Third, That it has been patented or described in 



48 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

some printed publication prior to his supposed inven- 
tion or discovery thereof, or more than two years prior 
to his application for a patent therefor ; or, 

" Fourth, That he was not the original and first in- 
ventor or discoverer of any material and substantial 
part of the thing patented ; or, 

" Fifth, That it had been in public use or on sale in 
this country for more than two years before his applica- 
tion for a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. 

"And in notices as to proof of previous intention, 
knowledge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant 
shall state the names of the patentees and the dates of 
their patents, and when granted, and the names and 
residences of the persons alleged to have invented or to 
have had the prior knowledge of the thing patented, and 
where and by whom it had been used ; and if any one 
or more of the special matters alleged shall be found for 
the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for him with 
costs. And the like defenses may be pleaded in any 
suit in equity for relief against an alleged infringement ; 
and proofs of the same may be given upon like notice 
in the answer of the defendant, and with the like 
effect." 

Section 3. That section forty-eight hundred and 
eighty-seven of the Revised Statutes be, and the same 
hereby is, amended by inserting on line one, after the 
words ''no person," the words ''otherwise entitled 



LA WS RELA TING TO PA TENTS. 49 

thereto," and on line three, after the words '^caused to 
be patented," the words ''hj the inventor or his legal 
representatives or assigns," and by erasing therein all 
that portion of the section which follows the words ^^in 
a foreign country," on lines three and four, and substi- 
tuting in lieu thereof the following : ' ' unless the appli- 
cation for said foreign patent was filed more than seven 
months prior to the filing of the application in this 
country, in which case no patent shall be granted in 
this country," so that the section so amended will read 
as follows : 

''Section 4887. No person otherwise entitled thereto 
shall be debarred from receiving a patent for hie inven- 
tion or discovery, nor shall any patent be declared in- 
valid, by reason of its having been first patented or 
caused to be patented by the inventor or his legal repre- 
sentatives or assigns in a foreign country, unless the 
application for said foreign patent was filed more than 
seven months prior to the filing of the application in 
this country, in which case no patent shall be granted 
in this country." 

Section 4. That section forty-eight hundred and 

ninety-four of the Eevised Statutes be, and the same 

hereby is, amended by striking out the words "two 

years " in every place where they occur and substituting 

in lieu thereof the words " one year," so that the section 

so amended will read as follows : 
4 



so INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

" Section 4894. All applications for patents shall be 
completed and prepared for examination within one 
year after the filing of the application, and in default 
thereof, or upon failure of the applicant to prosecute 
the same within one year after any action therein, of 
which notice shall have been given to the applicant, 
they shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties 
thereto, unless it be shown to the satisfaction of the 
Commissioner of Patents that such delay was unavoid- 
able." 

Section 5. That section forty-eight hundred and 
ninety-eight of the Eevised Statutes be, and the same 
hereby is, amended by adding thereto the following 
sentence : 

" If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of any 
patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public 
of the several States or Territories or the District of 
Columbia, or any commissioner of the United States 
circuit court, or before any secretary of legation or con- 
sular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform 
notarial acts under section seventeen hundred and fifty 
of the Eevised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowl- 
edgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary 
or other officer, shall be prima facie evidence of the 
execution of such assignment, grant, or conveyance, so 
that the section so amended will read as follows : 

" Section 4898. Every patent or any interest therein 



LAWS RELATING TO PATENTS, 5 1 

shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing, 
and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives 
may in like manner grant and convey an exclusive right 
under his patent to the whole or any specified part of 
the United States. An assignment, grant, or convey- 
ance shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser 
for mortgagee or a valuable consideration, without no- 
tice, unless it is recorded in the Patent Office within 
three months from the date thereof. 
• " If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of any 
patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public 
of the several States or Territories or the District of 
Columbia, or any commissioner of the United States 
circuit court, or before any secretary of legation or con- 
sular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform 
notarial acts under section seventeen hundred and fifty 
of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowl- 
edgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary 
or other officer, shall be prima facie evidence of the exe- 
cution of such assignment, grant, or conveyance." 

Section 6. That section forty-nine hundred and 
twenty -one of the Revised Statutes be, and the same 
hereby is, amended by adding thereto the following 
sentence : 

" But in any suit or action brought for the infringe- 
ment of any patent there shall be no recovery of profits 
or damages for any infringement committed more than 



52 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

six years before the filing of the bill of complaint or the 
issuing of the writ in such suit or action, and this pro- 
vision shall apply to existing causes of action," so that 
the section so amended will read as follows : 

"Section 4921. The several courts vested with juris- 
diction of cases arising under the patent laws shall 
have power to grant injunctions according to the course 
and principles of courts of equitj^ to prevent the viola^ 
tion of any right secured by patent, on such terms as 
the court may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree be- 
ing rendered in any such case for an infringement the 
complainant shall be entitled to recover, in addition to 
the profits to be accounted for by the defendant, the 
damages the complainant has sustained thereby; and 
the court shall assess the same or cause the same to be 
assessed under its direction. And the court shall have 
the same power to increase such damages, in its discre- 
tion, as is given to increase the damages found by ver- 
dicts in actions in the nature of actions of trespass upon 
the case. 

" But in any suit or action brought for the infringe- 
ment of any patent there shall be no recovery of profits 
or damages for any infringement committed more than 
six years before the filing of the bill of complaint or the 
issuing of the writ in such suit or action, and this pro- 
vision shall apply to existing causes of action." 

Section 7. That in every case where the head of any 



LAWS J^ ELATING TO PATENTS. 53 

Department of the Government shall request the ' Com- 
missioner of Patents to expedite the consideration of 
an application for a patent, it shall be the duty of such 
head of a Department to be represented before the Com- 
missioner in order to prevent the improper issue of a 
patent. 

Section 8. That this Act shall take effect January 
first, eighteen hundred and ninety -eight, and sections 
one, two, three, and four, amending sections forty-eight 
hundred and eighty-six, forty -nine hundred and twenty, 
forty-eight hundred and eighty-seven, and forty-eight 
hundred and ninety -four of the Revised Statutes, shall 
not apply to any patent granted prior to said date, nor 
to any aj^plication filed prior to said date, nor to any 
patent granted on such an application. 

Approved, March 3, 1897. 



54 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



THE VALUE OF NEWSPAPER NOTORIETY. 

Some well-known inventors have acquired the art of 
interesting- the newspapers in their inventions to the 
extent of getting* an enormous amount of free adver- 
tising. An invention possessing" sufficient novelty to 
form an item of interest for the newspapers is prett;>^ 
certain to bring large returns. Such items attract the 
notice of capitalists and put the invention at once in a 
favorable position before the public. By following the 
advice given on another page as to the exhibition of 
an invention^ the inventor will experience no difficulty 
in gaining the attention of the press^ providing his in- 
vention possesses merit. The newspapers want news 
of all sorts and readers are usually interested in inven- 
tions, so that when an invention gets into the news- 
papers it is thoroughly advertised all over the coun- 
try. It is thus brought to the notice of a large number 
of people, some of whom are likely to want it. If the 
invention is of such a character as to strike news- 
paper men unfavorably, the advertising columns may 
be resorted to. Often an advertisement in a paper of 
good standing brings about the desired result. In 
choosing a paper in which to advertise it is advisable 
to select a paper which is in some way related to the 



THE VALUE OF NEWSPAPER NOTORIETY, 55 

industry to which the patent appertains. The judi- 
cious wording" of an advertisement of this kind has 
much to do with its effectiveness. The statements 
should be assuring- and at the same time truthful. 
Any deception in an advertisement is sure to work 
harm. If the invention will not stand honest treat- 
ment, it is useless to waste time and money upon it. 



5^ INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



A TALE WITH A MORAL. 

A short time since, while the writer was lunching in 
one of the restaurants of New York City, two g-entle- 
nien occupying- seats on the opposite side of the table 
entered into a conversation in regard to inventions 
and patents. Both appeared to be manufacturers in 
the same line. One had been for some time trying to 
purchase a patent of an inventor whom he supposed 
to be impecunious, but for some reason, not given, the 
inventor was able to resist the offers of the manufac- 
turer. The other party described a visit of the same 
inventor to his manufactory. He said that he enter- 
tained him for several days, and during the time, by 
careful questioning, learned that the inventor was in 
sore need of money. He therefore made a series of 
propositions w^hich he said ended in the purchase of 
an invention w^orth thousands of dollars for the meagre 
sum of $500. 

This incident serves to show how willing many 
capitalists are to take advantage of inventors who are 
in straitened circumstances. 

The moral of this story would seem to be this : — if 
you have an invention to sell, never let it be known 
that you are in want. 



ANOTHER TALE, SAME MORAL, S7 



ANOTHER TALE, SAME MORAL. 

An inventor, an acquaintance of the writer, pro- 
duced an invention in which there were enormous pos- 
sibilities, but no show of immediate value. He was 
approached by wealthy and influential friends and 
was sounded as to his financial condition in every im- 
ag-inable way, as in the case just mentioned, but his 
circumstances were such that he was able to live in 
comfortable style, and, moreover, he had the ability of 
keeping' his mouth shut. He manifested no impatience, 
seemed to be in no hurry whatever in regard to the 
sale of his patent, and to all apiDcarance was totally 
indifferent as to whether it would ever be disposed of. 
The invention was of such a nature as would allow of 
its being- shown in a private dwelling'. Our inventor, 
therefore, though already living in a well-furnished 
house, purchased new furniture and fittings, arranged 
his invention for exhibition, and in due season invited 
in the capitalists. The house presented evidence of 
prosperity and even of independence. It therefore be- 
came evident from this and other indications that the 
inventor was in no condition to be ^^ squeezed.^^ They 
therefore devoted their entire attention during the 
evening to the examination of the invention, and upon 
the day following the sale of the patent was made, 
and a handsome sum was realized by the inventor. 



58 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



TERRITORIAL GRANTS. 

In 3^ears past a great deal of mone}^ has been made 
by selling' town^, count}'', and State rights for the manu- 
facture of certain patented articles. This is a legiti- 
mate way of realizing from a patent, providing the 
article is of value and is properly protected; but these 
territorial sales have been conducted in such a manner 
as to bring the whole system of selling patent rights 
into disrepute, so that it is at present a difficult mat- 
ter to sell a patent in this wa3^ Occasionally, how- 
ever, a meritorious thing may be thus disposed of to 
great advantage. 

In selling Territorial rights it is a mistake to begin 
with small places with the idea of working the busi- 
ness up and effecting larger sales on the basis of the 
smaller ones. The place to begin the sale of Territorial 
rights is in the large cities, for here is where the capi- 
tal is concentrated, and it is a well-known fact that in 
New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
St. Louis, and other larger cities, millions of capital 
are waiting for paying investment. An entire patent 
for a good thing" may be sold in any one of these larg*e 
cities. 

It is possible that the sum realized from the sale of 



TERRITORIAL GRANTS. 59 

the entire patent to one party may not be quite as 
g-reat as could be realized by canvassing the entire 
country, but the time and money expended in such a 
canvass will consume much of the profits, and beside 
this there is another objection to disposing- of the rights 
piecemeal; that is, in the time elapsing between the 
beginning of the business and the finish, some inventor 
receiving* a suggestion from the invention being sold, 
may take out a patent for a different device for the 
same purpose and so defeat the original inventor. 
This has frequently happened. Therefore it is advis- 
able to dispose of a patent as soon as possible after its 
issue. If the device is of such a nature that it cannot 
be sold in this way, ^'.e., in its entirety, it is neverthe- 
less advisable to begin in the larger places and work 
toward the smaller ones, for after having made a 
large sale it is comparatively easy to sell the rem- 
nants of the territory. 

As to the details of the business of selling little can 
be said because the procedure will be different in each 
case. In general, however, we may say as before, that 
the inventor must put the invention in the best possi- 
ble shape. He must exhibit it under the most favor- 
able circumstances. The surroundings must not indi- 
cate any lack of means. The inventor himself, or his 
agent, or both, must have a business-like appearance. 
They must be able to promptly reject offers that are 
too low, but must be ready to promptly accept offers 



6o INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

that are reasonable. Fortunes have been lost to in- 
ventors by refusing to accept an amount which, al- 
though not equal to the estimated value of the inven- 
tion, might be considered as a very fair price. 

After disposing of the more valuable portions of the 
territory, the inventor should proceed to the sale of 
the balance and. continue until he arrives at the point 
where sales cease to be profitable. 



SELLING AGENTS. 6 1 



SELLING AGENTS. 

Any inventor who has ever taken out a patent is 
well aware of the fact that there are dozens^ if not 
hundreds^ of men who are perfectly willing* to take his 
invention and advertise it for him and sell it, providing- 
a customer appears. Some of these selling- agents are 
honest enoug-h, others thrive on the fees they g-et for 
advertising inventions, while they probably do not 
make one sale in five years. Inventors g-enerally find 
their way to such agents as a last resort. Before 
closing a contract with any of the so-called selling 
agents, it would be well to ascertain what proportion 
of the patents advertised by them are really sold. 
There are 20,000 patents taken out in a year in the 
United States. If therefore, five per cent of the in- 
ventors who take out patents in a single year could be 
induced to pay to a selling agent $10 each for the ex- 
hibition of models, advertising, etc., it will readily be 
seen that the agent will realize very handsome profits 
whether he effects sales or not. The best selling 
agent to employ is a man of the inventor^s own ac- 
quaintance, in whom he has confidence. It is not 
material that he should have had experience in selling 
patents; if he be a good salesman he will probably 
make money for the inventor and himself. 



62 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



THE VALUE OF PATENTS. 

Natukally the inventor is not so anxious about 
how much his invention will advance civil ization^, or 
build up the nation, or administer to the wants and 
pleasures of mankind generally^ as he is about how 
much it will net him in dollars and cents; but he must 
not forget that chance of profit is in proportion to the 
actual usefulness of an invention, and its adaptability 
to some great want felt by every one. And it matters 
little whether the inventor intends himself to deal with 
the public, or to deal with a man, or set of men, who 
are afterward to deal with the public — the conditions 
are the same. 

Now let the inventor consider himself a disinterested 
party, a referee if you please. Let him look upon his 
own invention as that of another. If he honestly con- 
cludes that it would be desirable to himself and others, 
then he should have great confidence in the merit of 
his invention, and he should be able to make a fair 
estimate of the actual value of it. 

There are from sixty to seventy millions of people 
in the United States. It is probable that no invention 
ever has been, or ever will be made which will reach 
half of these people, but it is possible that a patent on 
some food product or article of wearing apparel may 
put fifteen million under tribute to the inventor. If 



THE VALUE OF PATENTS. 63 

only one sale could be made to each of this great num- 
ber of people, and if only one cent were realized from 
each sale, the inventor would make the handsome profit 
of $150,000. But suppose the article to be such as to be 
subject to regular consumption, so that each person 
would naturally purchase the article ten times per 
3^ear; the profits would thus become $1,500,000 dollars 
per year. This calculation, although within the range 
of possibilities, is rather extravagant. Take the other 
extreme, a profit of 1 mill per head on one-quarter of 
the inhabitants of this country would yield a total 
profit to the inventor of $15,000. 

The inventor must in some way determine whether 
his invention is one that is likely to be wanted by a 
quarter of the people of the United States or more, or 
less. This is a difiicult question to settle. Everything 
depends upon the manner in which the invention is 
placed before the public, some men have the faculty of 
presenting* an article in such a way as to make it seem 
indispensable to every one, while others will create the 
opposite impression. If a patented article is of such a 
nature as to admit of manufacturing- it on a small 
scale, one of the best methods of arriving at its value, 
is to manufacture a limited quantity of the article, and 
try the experiment of introducing it m a small terri- 
tory, say in a city, town, or county, taking great care 
to select a man who is capable of carrying- forward 
the business in a business-like manner. 



64 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



INVENTION AS AN ART. 

To the popular mind the inventor, like the poet, is 
born, not made. Genius, it is thought, independent of 
education or practice, is its sole prerequisite. In some 
mysterious way Nature endows some men with power 
to conceive and produce new thing's and processes, 
which the world consciously or unconsciously needs, 
but, in the absence of the inventor^s g-enius, is unable 
to g'et. Without a born capacity to invent, invention 
is deemed impossible, and rig-htly enough; but — herein 
arises the popular error — it is assumed that the faculty 
of original creation is a rare one, possessed by few, and 
not to be attained by others, however earnestly they 
may strive for it. On the contrary, the faculty is one 
common to the majority of men, more or less, and 
always ready to be made more under favorable condi- 
tions. 

The singers in any community are relatively few; 
yet the most experienced teachers of music, who have 
had much to do in teaching music to larg'e and un- 
selected classes, unite in asserting that all men can 
learn to sing if they want to, and most men to sing 
fairly well. 

It is much the same with invention. The innate 



INVENTION AS AN ART. 65 

capacity is common; its practical and profitable de- 
velopment is much less common^ for the reason that 
comparatively few try to develop it, the multitude be- 
lieving that the fundamental '^'gift^^ is not theirs. Ac- 
cordingly^, it is only by accident, or through the stress 
of special circumstances, that most inventors discover 
that there is any chance for them in that field of pro- 
ductive effort. Once enlisted in the work, successfully 
or unsuccessf ull}^, the^' are pretty sure to discover that 
invention is an art which mast, for the most part, be 
mastered as other arts are, by diligent study and 
patient effort. Unlike other arts, however, its boun- 
daries are not limited to any one field of thought or 
knowledge or action, but are in every direction limit- 
less, though practically bordered on the hither side by 
what men have already discovered and done. 

Practically bordered ; for while the reproduction of 
an old device may, from the inventor's standpoint, be 
as perfect an act of invention as the newest and most 
original invention might be, the field for profitable in- 
vention lies mainly in regions new and unexplored. 
An invention must be novel to be patentable; and, 
except for practice^ it is only patentable inventions 
that are worth making. Knowledge, therefore, specific, 
positive, and comprehensive knowledge, of what has 
been done in the field in which the inventor's work is 
to be done, and a clear apprehension of something 

that remains to be done, are important elements in 
5 



66 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

the successful inventor's outfit. The wider his ran^e 
of such knowledge, the more numerous his opportuni- 
ties to invent must naturally be, provided the manner 
in which his knowledge has been gained has not un- 
fitted him for independent thought and action. A 
man may load himself with so many tools that he 
cannot work with any of them. In like manner over- 
much learning may spoil a man for doing. The pack 
mule of an explorer's train is not Ukely to make many 
novel observations or discoveries. 

To succeed in the art of invention it is commonly the 
rule that a habit of inventing must go hand in hand 
with observation and study. Sometimes a lucky hit 
may be made by an inexperienced inventor, just as 
men ignorant of minerals have stumbled on valuable 
mines. Nevertheless, the man who has trained him- 
self to invent, and is in the habit of regarding every 
new fact or experience from the standpoint of its 
possible utility as a basis for invention, will excel the 
untrained inventor as surely in the long run as the 
practised prospector will the unintelligent and inex- 
perienced '' tenderfoot." And the case in favor of the 
practised inventor is even stronger, for the ability to 
recognize the need of an invention, though of primary 
importance, is less important than the ability to see 
how the need may be supplied and demonstrate the 
solution of the problem by doing it. 

" Practice, practice, practice,'' said Demosthenes, is 



INVENTION AS AN ART. 6/ 

the first requisite for success in oratory. Equally is 
it necessary for sure success in invention. It does not 
follow that the would-be orator must get his practice 
wholly in the forum; no more need the inventor g-et 
his practice in absolutely new inventions. The numer- 
ous preliminary failures which have led up to the great 
success of many greatly successful inventors^ while 
they emphasize the need of practice in this art, quite 
as clearly indicate the wisdom of not confining prac- 
tice to what promises to be patentable. The work of 
the novice in invention may be, frequently is, valuable 
in itself; but if large success in the art is aimed at, it 
will not pay to suspend practice for the lack of novel- 
ties to work on. The resolution of old problems affords 
excellent and useful practice for the beginner, who 
may find a ready test for the value of his work by 
comparing its results with those exhibited in the per- 
fected inventions of more practised minds; and the 
habit thus gained of independently rebuilding and 
critically examining existing inventions will furnish 
admirable training for original work in fields entirely 
new. 

The time may come when a systematic training in 
the art of invention, with practice in reinventing ma- 
chines of greater or less complexity and the standard 
devices and movements of practical mechanics, will 
form a part of every first-rate machinist's education; 
and similarly in other departments of productive in- 



68 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

dusbry. But until then those who wish to fit them- 
selves for the cultivation of this most inviting- and 
profitable art, the art of invention, must be their own 
g-uides. 

Not the least advantag-e in purposely reinventing 
for the sake of practice comes from the circumstance 
that such practice-work cannot lead to loss or disap- 
pointment, while it cannot fail to lead the student to 
a practical working knowledge of the materials and 
methods emplo^^ed by the most successful inventors. 

Such self -training is sure to pay. Much as our in- 
ventors have already accomplished, the art of inven- 
tion, as an art, is yet in its infancy; and it is safe to 
say that the prizes offered for its successful cultivation 
in the future are vastly greater and more numerous 
than those it has awarded to its votaries in the past. 
— Scientific American. 



STA TE LA WS— THE SALE OF FA TENTS, 69 



STATE LAWS REGULATING THE SALE OF 

PATENTS. 

There have been in several States of the Union 
State Laws by which attempts have been made to 
regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within 
the borders of these States. In some States patentees 
and their agents have been rigidly restricted to certain 
obnoxious State regulations^ and made liable to fine 
and imprisonment. Most of these laws are non-exist- 
ent to-day. They have been declared unconstitutional, 
as they are in direct conflict with the Laws of the 
United States. 

The following is a decision relating to this point : 

" In the Circuit Court of the United States, District 
of Indiana, Ex-parte Major J. Robinson — Petition for 
'wi'it of Habeas Corpus. 

" Be it remembered that heretofore, — to wit, on the 
30th day of May, 1870, before the Honorable David 
Davis, one of the Judges of said Court, the following 
proceedings in the above entitled cause were had, to 
wit: 

^'It appears from the papers in this case that the 
petitioner, being the duly authorized agent of the 
owners of certain patents granted to Henry B. Good- 



70 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

year, administrator, and to John A. Cummings, 
offered, on the 23d day of May, 1870, to Harrison H. 
La Fever, a dentist, in the county of Grant, in this 
State, the rig*ht to use the invention patented, for den- 
tal purposes, within said county, for the sum of $100, 
which the said La Fever ag-reed to pay. Before the 
sale was completed, the District Attorney of the county 
instituted proceedings against the petitioner under the 
provisions of an act of the legislature of Indiana, en- 
titled ^An Act to regulate the sale of patent rights, 
and to prevent fraud in connection therewith,^ which 
took effect on the 23d day of April, 1869. 

*' These proceedings resulted in the petitioner being 
committed to the jail of the county, because he had 
failed, before he had offered to sell the patent right, to 
comply with the terms of the law. 

"If the law is vahd, he was properly held in custody; 
otherwise, he should have been discharged. This law 
declares that it shall be unlawful for any person to 
sell or barter any patent right in any county within 
the State without first filing with the Clerk of the 
Court of such county copies of the letters patent duly 
authenticated, and at the same time swearing to an 
affidavit before such clerk that such letters-patent are 
genuine, and have not been revoked or annulled, and 
that he ha s full authority to sell or barter the right 
so patented, which affidavit shall set forth his name, 
occupation, and residence, and, if an agent, the name, 



STA TE LA TVS— THE SALE OF PA TENTS. 7 1 

occupation, and residence of his principal. A copy of 
this affidavit shall be filed in the office of said clerk, 
who shall furnish a copy of the same to the applicant, 
who shall exhibit the same to any person on demand. 
Penalties are imposed for any violation of these pro- 
visions. 

" This is an attempt on the part of the legislature to 
direct the manner in which patent-rights shall be sold 
in the State, to prohibit their sale altogether if these 
directions are not complied with, and to throw bur- 
dens on the owners of this species of property which 
Congress has not seen fit to impose upon them. I 
have not time to elaborate the subject, nor even to 
cite the authorities bearing on the question, and shall 
therefore content myself with stating the conclusion 
which I have reached. 

" It is clear that this kind of legislation is unauthor- 
ized. To Congress is given by the Constitution the 
power ''to promote the progress of science and the 
useful arts by securing for limited times to authors 
and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective 
writings and discoveries.' This power has been exer- 
cised by Congress, who have directed the manner in 
which patents shall be obtained, how they shall be 
assigned and sold. 

" The property in inventions exists by virtue of the 
laws of Congress, and no State has a right to interfere 
with its enjoyment, or annex conditions to the grant. 



^2 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

If the patentee complies with the laws of Congress on 
the subject, he has a right to go into the open market 
anywhere within the United States, and sell his prop- 
erty. If this were not so, it is easy to see that a State 
could impose terms which w^ould result in a prohibi- 
tion of the sale of this species of property within its 
borders, and in this way nullify the laws of Congress 
which regulate its transfer, and destroy the power 
conferred upon Congress by the Constitution. The 
law in question attempts to punish by fine and im- 
prisonment a patentee for doing with his property 
what the National Legislature has authorized him to 
do, and is therefore void. The petitioner is discharged.'^ 

Another later decision bearing on the same point 
was made by the United States Circuit Court, in 
Massachusetts, Anthony vs. Carroll, decided by Judge 
Shepley, October, 1875. This was an action to recover 
damages for an infringement which took place as far 
back as 1863, up to 1867. The defence was that under 
the State laws of Massachusetts — statute of limita- 
tions — the plaintiff could not recover, he not having 
brought the action within six years from the time of 
the alleged injury. This defence was not allowed. 
The court ruled as follows : 

" Should the legislature of a State pass an act in ex- 
press terms limiting the time for bringing an action 
in the federal courts for infringements of patent rights, 
there can be reasonable doubt that such a statute 



STA TE LA WS— THE SALE OF PA TENTS, 73 

would be unconstitutional and void. The policy of the 
Government to provide a uniform s^^stem of rig-hts 
and remedies throughout the United States upon the 
whole subject matters of patents for new and useful 
inventions and discoveries^ by placing* it under the 
control of Congress and the federal courts, would be 
frustrated if such State legislation would directly or 
indirectly limit, restrict, or take away the remedy/^ 



74 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 



THE INVENTOR AND THE PROMOTER. 

To make money out of a patent it is necessary in 
the first place, as already observed^ to have an inven- 
tion that possesses real merit and is in demand, or for 
which a demand may be created. In the second place, 
the inventor must have a patent that thoroughly pro- 
tects his invention ; in the third place, he must have 
the means of bringing- his invention to public notice in 
such a manner as to create favorable impressions. 
Explanations and arguments are of little use in im- 
pressing upon the minds of capitalists the value of an 
invention. They will either judge of the matter them- 
selves, or they will employ experts to examine it, and 
it cannot be denied that in either case the invention 
will suffer a cold-blooded examination which will not 
at all accord with the hopes and expectations of the 
inventor. 

If, however, upon examination, the invention is ad- 
judged to have real worth and is a genuine thing, it 
will finally be appreciated, when the business negotia- 
tions will begin. If, at this point, the inventor has 
not more business ability than inventors are usually 
credited with, the moneyed men will have him at a 
disadvantage, for he must be able to show in the 



THE INVENTOR AND THE PROMOTER, 75 

plainest way wherein the profits of the invention he, 
while, on the other hand, the parties will endeavor to 
show him that the expenses of perfecting* and bring- 
ing forward such an invention will be so great as to 
warrant only a small outlay for the patent. 

The inventor must have a due appreciation of the 
value of his invention. He certainly will not under- 
estimate it, he is liable to overrate it. In any case he 
must be liberal in his arrangement with men who are 
willing- to establish a business on the basis of his 
patent. He will find that promoters will require a 
quarter or a half interest in his invention for their 
services. 

It is almost impossible for an inventor to attend to 
these details of business. It is entirely foreign to his 
taste and inclination, and he g-enerally lacks the busi- 
ness education which will enable him to hold his own 
against such men as are engaged in forming com- 
panies and promoting- inventions in various ways. He 
therefore should employ a lawyer, if possible of his 
own acquaintance, who will conduct his part of the 
business for a small portion of his interest in the in- 
vention. A company will be organized, and a certain 
portion of the stock will be issued to the inventor for 
his invention, a part of which he may sell, but a por- 
tion of which he must retain to show his own confi- 
dence in the business. It is better, however, for the 
inventor to take payment for his invention partly in 



^(> ^INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

stock and partly in cash. An inventor^s stock is full 
paid and non-assessable. The stock which g'oes to the 
treasury of the company is sold to create a working- 
capital. The direction of the business will probably be 
taken out of the hands of the inventor and the control 
will lie in the Board of Directors of the company. As 
a rule it is better that the inventor should not take an 
active part in the management of the company's 
affairs, for his views are apt to be biased; he should 
confine himself to the domain of invention. If the 
business is successful, he will find enough to engage 
his inventive abilities without undertaking the duties 
that belong to the foreman, superintendent, manager, 
treasurer, or secretary. If the company is provided 
with ample capital, and if the business manager is a 
competent man, there is little chance of failure if the 
invention has real merit. 



THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY. 77 



THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY. 

In the State of New York three or more persons 
who may desire to do so may form a company for the 
purpose of carrying- on any kind of manufacturing", 
mining", mechanical or chemical business, or the busi- 
ness of printing, publishing, or selling books, or for pur- 
chasing, taking, holding, and possessing real estate and 
buildings, and for conducting various other kinds of 
business. It is under this Act that companies are 
usually formed for manufacturing patent inventions. 

The persons who thus constitute the company may 
make, sign, and acknowledge before some officer com- 
petent to take acknowledgment of deeds and file in the 
Office of the Clerk of the County in which the business 
of the company shall be carried on, and a duplicate 
thereof in the Office of the Secretary of State, a certifi- 
cate in writing in which shall be stated the corporate 
name of the company, the objects for which the com- 
pany shall be formed, the amount of stock of the said 
company, the time of its existence (not to exceed fifty 
years), the number of shares of which the stock shall 
consist ; the number of Trustees and their names, who 
shall manage the concerns of the said company for the 
first year, and the name of the town or county in which 



78 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

the operations of the said company are to be carried 
on. The amount of real estate and buildings owned 
by such a company is limited by law to $1,000,000. 

When the certificate above referred to has been filed, 
the persons who have signed and acknowledged the 
s-ame, and their successors, constitute a body politic 
and corporate in fact and in name by the name stated 
in the certificate. By that name the company has 
succession, and it is capable of suing and being sued, 
in any court of law or equity in the State. The^^ or 
their successors may have a common seal and make 
and alter the same at pleasure. They are capable in 
law of purchasing, holding and conveying any real 
and personal estate which may be necessary to enable 
the company to carry on their operations, but they 
have no right to mortgage the same or to give any 
lien thereon. 

Such a company is managed by trustees who control 
the stock, the property, and all the concerns of the 
company. No company is allowed to have less than 
three or more than thirteen trustees, and they must 
be stockholders, and the majority of them must be 
citizens and residents of the city in which the business 
is located. With the exception of the first year the 
trustees are annually elected by the stockholders at 
such time and place as is indicated by the by-laws of 
the company ; and notice of the time and place of hold- 
ing such an election must be published not less than 



THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY. 79 

ten days previously^ in the newspaper printed nearest 
to the place where the operations of the company are 
carried on. The elections are made by the stockholders 
in person, or by proxy. All elections are required to 
be by ballot. Each stockholder is entitled to as many 
votes as he owns shares of stock in the company. 
Persons receiving- the greatest number of votes are 
elected trustees. Vacancies occurring in the Board 
of trustees may be filled in any manner provided by 
the by-laws. 

The officers of a company are the president, who 
may be designated from the board of trustees, and 
such subordinate officers as the by-laws of the com- 
pany require. These may be elected or appointed, and 
are required to give security for the faithful perfor- 
mance of duty. 

The trustees of a company may at any time call in 
money subscribed by the stockholders. The trustees 
may make such byJaws as they deem proper for the 
management and disposition of the stock and business 
affairs of the company, providing the laws are not in- 
consistent with the laws of the State. Stock in such a 
company is regarded as personal estate, and is trans- 
ferable in the manner prescribed in the by-laws of the 
company, but no shares of stock can be transferred un- 
til all previous calls thereon have been fully paid in, 
or shall have been declared forfeited for non-payment 
of calls. 



8o INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

It is not lawful for a company to use any of its funds 
for the purchase of stock in other companies. All of 
the stockholders of every company incorporated under 
this act are severally and individually liable to the 
creditors of the company in which they are stockhold- 
ers to an amount equal to the amount of stock held by 
them, for all debts and contracts made by such com- 
pany until the whole amount of capital stock fixed and 
limited by said company shall have been paid in and 
the certificate thereof shall have been made and re- 
corded as described further on, and the capital stock 
so fixed and limited must all be paid in, one-half within 
one year and the other half within two years from the 
incorporation of such a company, or the company shall 
be dissolv^ed. 

The president and a majority of the trustees within 
thirty days after the payment of the last instalment 
of the capital stock must make a certificate stating- 
the amount of capital fixed and paid in. The certifi- 
cate is to be signed and sworn to by the president and 
a majority of the trustees, and they shall within thirty 
days record it m the office of the county clerk of the 
county wherein the business of the company is carried 
on. 

Every company within twenty days from the 1st of 
January after the expiration of a year from the time of 
filing- the certificate, must make a report and publish 
it in a newspaper published in the town, city, or vil- 



THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY. 8 1 

lage, or if there be no newspaper published in the said 
town, city, or village, then in some newspaper published 
nearest the place where the business of the company 
is carried on, which must state the amount of capital, 
the proportion actually paid in, and the amount of its 
debts. Such report must be signed by the president 
and a majority of the trustees, and verified by the oath 
of the president or secretary of the company, and filed 
in the ofiice of the clerk of the county where the bus- 
iness of the company is carried on. 

In any company failing- so to do, all the trustees are 
jointly and severally liable for all the debts of the com- 
pany then existing, and for all that may be contracted 
before the report is made. It is provided, however, 
that when a judgment is recovered against a trustee 
severally, all the trustees of the company are obliged 
to contribute a pro rata share of the amount paid by 
such trustee on the judgment, and such trustee has 
the right of action against the co-trustees, jointly or 
severally, to recover from them their proportion of the 
amount so paid on the judgment. 

Trustees cannot pay dividends when the company is 
insolvent, nor can they pay dividends which will ren- 
der it insolvent, or which will diminish the amount of 
its capital stock. If the trustees declare such divi- 
dends, they are rendered jointly and severally liable 
for all the debts of the company then existing, and for 
all which shall be thereafter contracted while they 



82 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

shall continue in office, but if any of the trustees shall 
object to the declaring- of such a dividend and to the 
payment of the same, and shall at any time before 
the time fixed for the payment thereof file a certificate 
of his objection with the clerk of the company and with 
the clerk of the county, he is exempt from the lia- 
bilit3\ 

The company cannot receive anything but money 
as payment for any part of the capital stock. The 
company may at any time, under certain conditions, 
increase or diminish its capital stock. If any person 
owning- five per cent of the capital stock of any com- 
panj^, not exceeding- one hundred thousand dollars, or 
any person owning- three per cent of the capital stock 
of any company exceeding- one hundred thousand dol- 
lars, formed under the g-eneral law, shall present a 
written request to the treasurer of the company that 
he desires a statement of the affairs of the company, 
it is the duty of the treasurer to make such a state- 
ment under oath, embracing- a true account of all its 
assets and liabilities in minute detail, and to deliver 
the said statement to the person who presented the 
request for such statement with twenty days after 
such presentation. He is also oblig-ed to keep a copy 
of such statement on file for six months, and this cop3'' 
is to be exhibited to any stockholder of the said com- 
pany demanding- an examination thereof. 

The treasurer is not required to deliver such state- 



THE FORMATION OF A COMPANY, 83 

ment oftener than once in any six months. The pen- 
alty for refusing- to comply with any of the provisions 
of this act is fifty dollars^ and a further sum of ten 
dollars for every twenty-four hours thereafter until 
the statement is furnished. 

Such in brief is a general resume of the law of the 
State of New York relating to corporations. The laws 
are quite similar in different States. 

For special information regarding the law, and for 
forms for the organization of companies, application 
should be made to the law publishers in different States. 



84 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 



LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES. 

In limited liability companies the name of the 
company is required in every case to have as its last 
word, the word '' limited/^ and every such corporation 
is compelled by law to paint or affix its name on the 
outside of every office or place in which the business 
of the company is carried on, in a conspicuous posi- 
tion, in letters easily legible, and its full name must 
also be stated in plain characters in all notices, adver- 
tisements, and other official publications of such com- 
pany, and in all bills of exchange, promissory notes, 
checks, orders for money, bills of lading, invoices, re- 
ceipts, letters, and other writings used in the transac- 
tion of the business of the company. 

Every officer or director in a limited liability com- 
pany is personally liable for any indebtedness, damage, 
or liability incurred during the omission of the word 
" limited,^^ from the name of the company, and the 
company is liable for such omission to a penalty of not 
exceeding $25 for such omission for every day during 
which such name is not so kept painted or affixed, and 
every director or officer of such company who shall 
authorize or permit such omission is liable to a like 
penalty. 



LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES. 85 

In a limited liability company all of the stockhold- 
ers are individually liable to the creditors of the com- 
pany to an amount equal to the amount of stock held 
by them. 

Before the org-anization of a full liability or limited 
liability companj^ the parties contemplating* the or- 
g-anization of such company should purchase a copy of 
the Laws of the State under which the company is to 
be org"anized^ and the org-anization should be perfected 
under the care of a competent person familiar with 
such matters. 



86 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

FORMS FOR APPLICATION FOR A PATENT. 
Where an applicant desires to prepare his own 
papers and file his own application^ he may do so by 
employing" the following forms. 

FORMS OF PETITION. 



PETITION BY A SOLE INVENTOR. 



To THE Commissioner of Patents: 

Your petitioner, A. B., a citizen of the United States, 
residing at S., in the County of M., and State of N. 
(or subject, etc.), prays that Letters Patent be g-ranted 

to him for the improvement in set forth 

in the annexed specification. 

A B . 

petition by joint inventors. 

To THE Commissioner of Patents: 
Your petitioners, A B and C 



D , citizens of the United States, residing re- 
spectively at L , in the County of M , and 

State of N , and at G , in the County of 

H , and State of I (or subjects, etc.), pray 

that Letters Patent may be granted to them, as joint 

inventors, for the improvement in set 

forth in the annexed specification. 

A ^B . 

C D . 



THE SPECIFICATION. 8/ 



THE SPECIFICATION. 

When the application is for a machine the form 
should be as follows : 

To ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN : 

Be it known that I, A. B., a citizen of the United 
States, residing- at L._, in the County of M., and State 
of N". (or subject, etc.), have invented a new and use- 
ful (for which I have obtained a patent in Great 

Britain, No. bearing- date , 18 — ,)* of 

which the following- is a specification. 

Here follows a statement of the object of the inven- 
tion. This should point out in concise terms the pur- 
pose for which the invention is intended, and if it is an 
invention calculated to surmount difficulties hitherto 
experienced in analogous devices, the inventor may 
relate what these difficulties are and how he proposes 
to overcome them. Then should follow a statement 
of the invention, which should consist of a brief de- 
scription setting forth the essential features of the in- 
vention. 

Then follows a brief description of the figures of the 
drawing, referring to them by number and describing- 

■'^ Omit if a foreign patent has not been taken. 



88 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

what each figure represents. Then the inventor should 
g-ive as full and complete a description as possible of 
the construction of the machine, referring* to all the 
parts by letter, taking- care that the same letter rep- 
resents the same part in the different fig-ures of the 
drawing", and he may describe the operation of the 
machine as he proceeds, or a description of the opera- 
tion mig-ht follow the description of the construction. 
The main thing*, in a specification is to describe the 
parts and their functions so clearly that there can be 
no misunderstanding- as to the meaning- of the inventor. 

After this description follows the claim. This is the 
vital part of the application. It may consist of one or 
more clauses, and each clause should clearly point out 
a combination of parts, which taken together accom- 
plish some result; or a claim clause may refer to only 
a sing-le part, providing this part is new of itself, and 
has some function. 

The oath comes after the claims. 

The form of oath for an application for a machine 
is here given. 



OATH BY AN INVENTOR, 89 



OATH BY AN INVENTOR. 



State of 



County of 



ss: 



, the above-named petitioner, citizen of 

5 and resident of , in the County of 

and State of , being- duly sworn (or 

affirmed), deposes and says that verily believes 

to be the original, first, and inventor of 

the improvement in described and claimed in 

the foregoing" specification; that the same has not 
been patented to , or to others with knowl- 
edge or consent (and when patented abroad add the 
following- — except in thei following- countries : 

:) 

that the same has not to knowledg-e been in pub- 
lic use or on sale in the United States for more than 

two 3^ears prior to this application, and do not 

know and do not believe that the same was ever known 
or used prior to invention thereof. 

(Inventor's full name) : . 

Sworn to and subscribed before me this day 

of -, 18—. 

(L. S.) (Signature of Justice or Notary) : 



(Official character) 



\ ! 



90 INVENTORS MANUAL. 

As previously stated, it is considered important that 
the inventor should employ a competent attorney, 
yet if he is really determined to attempt the task of 
the preparation of his own case he should first send to 
the Commissioner of Patents at Washing-ton, D. C, 
for the rules of Practice in the United States Patent 
Office, which are sent free to any address. It will be 
found also in a majority of cases, that even after fol- 
lowing- the Rules faithfully and making- every exertion 
to prepare a g-ood case, the Patent Office will criticise 
it closely, and it will finally have to be turned over to 
an attorney, the cost in such a case being- as much or 
more than it is where the case is given to the Patent 
Attorney at first. 



ASSIGNMENT OF AN INTEREST, 91 



ASSIGNMENT OF AN ENTIRE INTEREST 
IN AN INVENTION BEFORE THE ISSUE 
OF LETTERS PATENT. 

Whereas, I, J— S , of L , County of 

M , State of N , have invented a certain 

new and useful improvement in Steam Eng-ines, for 
which I am about to make appUcation for letters patent 

of the United States; and whereas G D -, 

of R , County of S — , State of N , is de- 
sirous of acquiring- an interest in said invention, and 
in the letters patent to be obtained therefore : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it 
known that, for and in consideration of the sum of five 
thousand dollars to me in hand paid, the receipt of 

which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said J 

S , have sold, assigned, and transferred, and 

by these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto 

the said G D , the full and exclusive right 

to the said invention, as fully set forth and described 
in the specification prepared and executed by me on 

the day of 188-, preparatory to obtaining* 

Letters Patent of the United States therefor; and I do 
hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of 



92 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

Patents to issue the said letters patent to the said 

G D , as the assig-nee of my entire right, 

title, and interest in and to the same, for the sole use 

and behoof of the said G D , and his legal 

representatives. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand 

and affixed my seal this — th day of — , a.d. 188- 

A B . [Seal.] 

In presence of 

G W . 

T J— . 



INTEREST IN LETTERS PATENT 93 



OF THE ENTIRE INTEREST IN LETTERS 

PATENT. 

Whekeas I, A B , of L , County 

of M , State of N , did obtain letters patent 

of the United States for an improvement in Steam 

Engines, which letters patent are numbered and 

bear date the day of in the year , 

and whereas I am now the sole owner of said patent 

and of all rights under the same; and whereas E 

F , of , County of S , State of N 

is desirous of acquiring the entire interest in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it 
known that, for and in consideration of the sum of 
five thousand dollars to me in hand paid, the receipt 

of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said A 

B y have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by 

these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the 
said E F , the whole right, title, and inter- 
est in and to the said improvement in Steam Engines, 
and in and to the letters patent therefor aforesaid: 

the same to be held and enjoyed by the said E 

F , for his own use and behoof, and for the use 

and behoof of his legal representatives, to the full end 
of the term for which said letters patent are or may 






94 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

be granted as fully and entirely as the same would 
have been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment 
and sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand 

and affixed my seal at L , in the County of 

M , and State of N^ this — th day of 

A.D. 18—. 

A B -. [Seal.] 

In presence of 

G W . 

T J . 



ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST. 95 



ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST 
IN LETTERS PATENT. 

Whereas, I, A B , of L , County 

of M , State of N , did obtain Letters Patent 

of the United States for an improvement in sewing 

machines, which Letters Patent are numbered , 

and bear date the day of August, in the year 18 — ; 

and whereas C , of R , County of S , 



State of N , is desirous of acquiring an interest 

in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it 
known that, for and in consideration of the sum of 

dollars to me in hand paid, the receipt of which 

is hereby acknowledged, I, the said A B , 



have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these 
presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said 

C D y the undivided one-half part of the 

w^hole right, title, and interest in and to the said in- 
vention, and in and to the Letters Patent therefor 
aforesaid : the said undivided one-half part to be held 

and enjoyed by the said C D , for his own 

use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal 
representatives, to the full end of the term for which 



96 INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

said Letters Patent are or ma^^ be granted (thus in- 
cluding* extension), as fully and entirely as the same 
would have been held and enjoyed by me had this as- 
signment and sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand 

and affixed my seal at L , in the County of 

M , and State of N , this day of , 

A.D. 18—. 

A B . [Seal.] 

In presence of 

N P . 

T , 



TERRITORIAL INTEREST. 97 



TERRITORIAL INTEREST AFTER GRANT OF 

PATENT. 

Whereas I, S M , of P , County of 

G , State of O , did obtain Letters Patent 

of the United States for improvements in , which 

Letters Patent are numbered — and bear date the 

— th day of , in the year 18 — ; and whereas I 

am now the sole owner of the said patent and of all 
rights under the same in the below-recited territory; 

and whereas E S , of S , County of 

D , State of O , is desirous of acquiring- an 

interest in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it 
known that, for and in consideration of the sum of 

dollars to me in hand paid, the receipt of which 

is hereby acknowledged, I, the said S M , 



have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these 
presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said 

E S , all the right, title, and interest in 

and to the said invention, as secured to me by said 

Letters Patent, for, to, and in the State of O , and 

for,, to, or in no other place or places; the same to be 
held and enjoyed by the said E S within 

and throughout the above-specified territory, but not 

7 



98 INVENTOR'S MANUAL, 

elsewhere, for his own use and behoof, and for the use 
and behoof of his legal representatives, to the full end 
of the term for which said Letters Patent are or may 
be g-ranted (thus including extension), as fully and en- 
tirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed 
b3^ me had this assignment and sale not been made. 
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand 

and affixed my seal at P , in the Count}^ of 

G , and State of O , this da}^ of , 

A.D. 18—. 

S M . [Seal]. 

In presence of 

J H . 

R E . 



LICENSE NOT EXCLUSIVE, WITH ROYALTY, 99 



LICENSE NOT EXCLUSIVE, WITH ROYALTY. 

This agreement, made this 26th day of December, 

18—, between S M , of P , in the 

County of G , and State of O , party of the 

first part, and J B & Co., of W , in 

tlie Count}^ of S ; — , and State of , partj^ of 

the second part, witnesseth, that whereas Letters 
Patent of tlie .United States, No. , for an im- 
provement in were granted to the party of 

the first part, dated November 6th, 18 — ; and whereas 
the part3^ of the second part is desirous of manufac- 
turing* containing- said patented improve- 
ments: Now, therefore, the parties have agreed as 
follows : 

I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and 
empowers the partj^ of the second part to manufacture, 
subject to the conditions hereinafter named, at their 

factory in W , and in no other place or places, to 

the end of the term for which said Letters Patent 
were granted- , containing the patented im- 
provements, and to sell the same within the United 
States. 

II. The party of the second part agrees to make 

LofC. 



lOO INVENTOR'S MANUAL. 

full and true returns to the party of the first part, 
under oath, upon the first days of January and July in 

each year, of all containing- the patented 

improvements manufactured by them. 

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay to 
the partj^ of the first part five dollars as a license-fee 

upon every manufactured by said party 

of the second part containing the patented improve- 
ments; provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the 
days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within 
ten da^^s thereafter, a discount of five per cent shall 
be made from said fee for prompt payment. 

IV. Upon a failure of the party of the second part 
to make returns or to make payment of license-fees, 
as herein provided^ for thirty daj^s after the days 
herein named, the party of the first part may termi- 
nate this license by serving a written notice upon the 
party of the second part; but the part}^ of the second 
part shall not thereby be discharged from any liability 
to the party of the first part for any license-fees due 
at the time of the service of said notice. 

In witness whereof the parties above named have 
hereunto set their hands the day and year first above 

written at P , in the Count^^ of G -, and 

State of O . 

S M . 

J B & Co. 



LICENSE SHOP RIGHT, lOI 



LICENSE SHOP RIGHT. 

In consideration of the sum of dollars^ to be 

paid by the firm of J B & Co., of P , 

in the County of G , State of O , I do hereby 

license and empower the said J B & Co. 

to manufacture in said P (or other place agreed 

upon), the improvement in , for which 

Letters Patent of the United States, No. were 

g-ranted to me, December 13th, 18 — , and to sell the ma- 
chines so manufactured throug*hout the United States, 
to the full end of the term for which said Letters 
Patent are g-ranted. 

Sig"ned at P , in the County of G , and 

State of O , this — —day of . 18 — . 

S M. . 



I03 



TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

By Counties of over Ten Thousand Population. 

COMPILED FROM THE OFFICIAL CENSUS FOR 1900. 



AI.ABAMA.-Total 



Autauga... 17,915 
Bald win..,. 13,1 94 
Barbour ...35,152 

Bibb 18,498 

Blount... .23.119 
Bullock.... 31. 944 

Butler 25,761 

Calhoun.... 34,874 
Chambers . .32,554 
Cherokee.. 21, 096 

Chilton 16,522 

Choctaw... 18, 136 

Clarke 27 790 

Clay 17,099 

Cleburne... 13. 206 

Coffee 20,972 

Colbert.... 22,341 



Conecuh . ..17.514 

Coosa 16,144 

Covington.. 15,346 
Crenshaw... 19,668 
Cullnian.... 17,849 

Dale 21,189 

Dallas 54,657 

Dekalb 23,558 

Elmore 26,099 

Escambia.. 11,320 
Etowah.... 27, 361 
Fayette.... 14, 132 
Franklin... 16,511 
Geneva ....19,096 

Greene 24,182 

Hale 31,011 



Population, 1,838, 

Henry 36,147 

Jackson.... 30, 508 
Jefferson.. 140.420 

Lamar 16,084 

Laud er dale 26 , 559 
Lawrence.. 20 124 

Lee 31,826 

Limestone.. 22, 387 
Lowndes. . .35,651 

Macon 23,126 

Madison.... 43,702 
Marengo ..38,315 

Marion 14,494 

Marshall... 23,289 

Mobile 62,740 

Monroe 23,666 



697. 



Montgom'y72,047 
Morgan.... 28,820 

Perry 31,783 

Pickens. . . .24,402 

Pike 29,172 

Randolph.. 21, 647 

Russell 27,083 

St. Clair.... 19.425 

Shelby 23,684 

Sumter.... 32,710 
Talladega.. 35,773 
Tallapoosa. 29,675 
Tuscaloosa 36,147 
Walker ....25,162 
Wash'ton..ll,134 
Wilcox 35,631 



ARIZONA.— Total Population, 133,931. 

Graham.... 14, 162 Maricopa... 20,457 Pima 14,689 Yavapai. 

ARKANSAS.-Total Population, 1,311,564. 



.13,799 



Arkansas. 


.12,973 


Drew 


.19,451 


Lincoln . . . 


.13,389 


Pulaski . . . 


.63,179 


Ashley. . . . 


.19,734 


Faulkner . 


.20,780 


Little Rive 


r 13,731 


Randolph . 


.17,156 


Benton 


.31,611 


Franklin.. 


.17,395 


Logan 


.20,563 


St. Francis 17,157 


Boone 


.16,396 


Fulton 


12,917 


Lonoke — 


.22,544 


Saline 


.13,122 


Carroll 


.18,848 


Garland.. 


.18,773 


Madison.. 


.19,864 


Scott 


.13,183 


Chicot.... 


.14.528 


Greene 


.16,979 


Marion . . . . 


.11,377 


Searcy.... 


.11,988 


Clark 


.21,289 


Hempstead24,101 


Miller 


.17,558 


Sebastian . 


.36,935 


Clay 


.15.886 


Hot Spring 12,748 


Mississipp 


1.16,384 


Sevier 


.16,339 


Cleveland. 


.11 620 


Howard . . . 


.14,076 


Monroe . . . 


.16 816 


Sharp 


.12,199 


Columbia. 


. 22 077 


Independ'e 22.557 


Nevada . . . 


.16,609 


Union 


.22.495 


Conway , . . 


.19.772 


Izard 


.13,506 


Newton.. . 


. 12,538 


Van Buren 11,220 


Craighead 


.19,505 


Jackson . . 


.18,383 


Ouachita. 


.20,892 


Washing'n 


..34,256 


Crawford . 


.21,270 


Jefferson, . 


.40,972 


Phillips . . . 


.26,561 


White 


24,864 


Crittenden 


.14,529 


Johnson... 


.17,448 


Pike 


.10,301 


Woodruff. 


.16,304 


Cross 


.11,051 


Lafayette 
Lawrence . 


.10,594 


Polk 


. 18,352 


Yell ..... 


,22,750 


Dallas.... 


.11,518 


.16,491 


Pope 


.21,715 






Desha 


.11,511 


Lee 


.19,409 


Prairie.... 


.11,875 ^ 







I04 TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 



CAIilFORNIA.-Total 



Alameda.. 130 197 
Amador.... 11, 116 

Butte 17,117 

Calaveras.. 11,200 
Con. Costa. 18.046 

Fresno 87,862 

Humboldt.. 27,104 

Kern 16,480 

LosAng'rsl70,298 



Marin 15,702 

Mendocino. 20,465 
Monterey.. .19,380 

Napa 16,451 

Nevada 17,789 

Orange ....19,696 

Placer 15,786 

Riverside.. 17,897 
Sacramento45,9 1 5 



Population 1,485 

S. Bernad'o 27,929 
San Diego.. 35,090 
S. Franc^o 342,782 
S. Joaquin. 35, 452 
S. L. Obispol6,637 
San Mateo.. 12.094 
S. Barbara. 18,934 
Santa Clara60,216 
SantaCruz.21,512 



,053. 

Shasta 17,318 

Siskiyou. ..16,962 

Solano 24,143 

Sonoma.... 38,480 
Tehama.... 10,996 

Tulare 18,375 

Tuolumne.. 11, 166 
Ventura.... 14, 367 
Yolo 13,618 



COLORADO. -Total Population, 639,700. 

Arapahoe. 153,017 Fremont.. .15,636 Las Animas21,842 Teller 29,002 

Boulder.... 21, 544 Lake 18,054 Otero 11,522 Weld 16,808 

El Paso. . . .31,602 Larimer.. . .12,168 Pueblo 34,448 

CONNECTICUT.— Total Population, 908,366. 

Fairfield . .184,203 Litchfield . .63,672 N. Haven.. 269,163 Tolland 24,523 

Hartford.. 195,415 Middlesex.. 41, 760 N. London. 82, 758 . Windham. .46,861 



DELAWARE.— Total Population, 184,735. 

Kent .32,762 Newcastle 109,697 Sussex. . . . 



.42,276 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.- Total Population, 278,718. 

The District 278,718 



FliORIDA.— Total Population, 628,542. 



Alachua.. . .32,245 
Bradford... 10,295 
Columbia.. 17,094 

Duval 39,733 

Escambia.. 28,313 
Gadsden.... 15,294 



Hamilton 11.881 
Hillsboro.. 36,013 
Jackson.... 23, 377 
Jefferson .,16,195 
Leon 19,887 



Madison.. ..15,446 

Marion 24,403 

Monroe ....18,006 

Orange 11.374 

Polk 12.472 



Putnam.... II, 641 
Santa Rosa. 10,293 
Suwanee. ..14,554 
Volusia ...10,003 
Washingt'nl0,154 



GEORGIA.-Total 



Appling.... 12,336 
Bald win.... 17,768 

Banks 10,545 

Bartow 20,823 

Berrien .... 19,440 

Bibb 50,473 

Brooks 18,606 

Bulloch.... 21,377 

Burke 30,165 

Butts 12,805 

Carroll 26,576 

Chatham ..71,239 
Chattooga.. 12,952 
Cherokee.. .15,243 

Clarke 17,708 

Cobb 24,664 

Coffee 16,169 

Colquitt. ...13.636 
Columbia... 10,653 

Coweta 24,980 

Crawford... 10,368 
Decatur.... 29,4.54 

Dekalb 21,112 

Dodge 13,975 

Dooly 26,567 



Dougherty. 13,679 

Early 14,828 

Elbert.. .. 19,729 
Emanuel... 21, 279 

Fannin 11,214 

Fayette.... 10, 114 

Floyd 33,113 

Forsyth.... 11, 550 
Franklin... 17, 7 00 
Fulton.... 11 7, 363 

Gilmer 10,198 

Glynn 14,317 

Gordon ...14,119 
Greene.... 16,542 
Gwinnett ..25,585 
Habersham 13,604 

Hall 20,752 

Hancock... 18,277 
Haralson... 11, 922 

Harris 18,009 

Hart 14,492 

Heard 11,177 

Henry 18,602 

Houston.... 22.641 
Irwin 13,645 



Population, 2,216, 

Jackson.. ..24,039 

Jasper 15,033 

Jefferson... 18,212 
Johnson.... 11,409 

Jones 13,358 

Laurens.... 25,908 

Lee 10,344 

Liberty ....13,093 
Lowndes... 20,036 

Macon 14.093 

Madison.... 13, 224 

Marion 10,080 

Meriwether 23,339 
Mitchell.... 14,767 
Monroe.... 20,682 
Montgom'yl6,359 
Morgan.... 15,813 
Muscogee.. 29, 836 

Newton 16,734 

Oglethorpe 17,881 
Paulding. ..12,969 

Pike 18,761 

Polk 17,856 

Pulaski.... 18,489 



331. 



Putnam. ...1.3.436 
Randolph.. 16.847 
Richmond. 53,735 
Screven.. .19.252 
Spalding... 17,619 
Stewart.... 15,856 
Sumter.... 26,212 

Talbot 12 197 

Tattnall.... 20,419 

Telfair 10,083 

Terrell 19,023 

Thomas. ...31,076 

Troup 24,002 

Upson 13,670 

Walker ....15,661 
Walton ....20,942 

Ware 13,761 

Warren,... 11, 463 
Washingt'n28,227 
Whitfield.. 14,509 

Wilcox 11,097 

Wilkes 20,866 

Wilkinson.. 11,440 
Worth 18,664 



TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 105 



Ada 11,559 

Alturas 

Bannock... 11, 702 



IDAHO.— Total Population, 161,773, 

Bingham... 10,447 Kootenai.. .10,216 
Fremont. . .12,821 Latah 13,451 



Nez Perces. 13,748 
Shoshone . .11,950 



IJ:.I.1X0IS.— Total Population, 4,821,550. 



Adams 67,058 

Alexander.. 19 384 

Bond 16,078 

Boone . ...15,791 

Brown 11,557 

Bureau ....41,112 

Carroll 18,963 

Cass 17,222 

Champaign 47,622 
Christian ..32.790 

Clark 24,033 

Clay 19553 

Clinton.... 19,H24 

Coles 34,146 

Cook.... 1,838, 735 
Crawford.. 19,240 
Cumberl'd.. 16,124 

Dekalb 31,756 

Dewitt 18.972 

Douglas.... 19, 097 
Dupage ....28,196 

Edgar 2^273 

Ed wards... 10,345 
Effingham.. 20,465 
Fayette.... 28,065 



Ford 18,359 

Franklin... 19, 675 

Fulton 46,201 

Gallatin.... 15, 836 

Greene 23 402 

Grundy.. ..24 136 
Hamilton... 20,197 
Hancock... 32.215 
Henderson. 10,836 

Henry 40.049 

Iroquois.... 38.014 
Jackson.... 33 871 

Jasper 20,160 

Jefferson... 28, 133 

Jersey 14.612 

Jo Daviess. 24,533 
Johnson.... 15.667 

Kane 78,792 

Kankakee.. 37, 154 
Kendall.... 11, 467 

Knox 43,612 

Lake 34.504 

Lasalle 87,776 

Lawrence.. 16,523 
Lee 29,894 



Livingston. 42, 035 

Logan 28,680 

McDonough28 412 
McHenry . .29,759 
McLean.... 67,H43 

Macon 44,003 

Macoupin.. 42, 256 

Madison 64,694 

Marion 30.446 

Marshall.... 16, 370 
Mason...... 17.491 

Massac 13,110 

Menard ....14,336 

Mercer 20,945 

Monroe 13.847 

Montgom> 30,836 

Morgan 35,006 

Moultrie.... 15,224 

Ogle 29,129 

Peoria 88.608 

Perry 19,830 

Piatt 17,706 

Pike 31,595 

Pope 1.3.585 

Pulaski.... 14 554 



Randolph.. 28, 001 
Richland... 16,391 
RockIsland55.249 
St. Clair.... 86,685 

SaUne 21.685 

Sangamon. .71,593 
Schuyler... 16,1 29 

Scott 10.455 

Shelby 32,126 

Stark 10,186 

Stephenson 34 933 
Tazewell... 33 221 

Union 22 610 

Vermilion.. 65. 635 
Wabash.... 12 583 
Warren ... 23.163 
Washingn.19 526 

Wayne 27,626 

White 25 3«<6 

Whiteside. ..34.710 

Will 71,764 

Williamson 27,796 
Winnebago 47,^45 
Woodford.. 21, 822 



INDIANA.— Total Population, 3,516,463, 

Laporte....38,388 
Lawrence.. 25. 7c 9 
Madison. ...70,470 

Marion 197.227 

Marshall... 25, 119 

Martin 14,711 

Miami 28,344 

Monroe ....20,873 
Montgom'y 29,388 
Morgan.... 20,457 
Newton.... 10, 448 

Noble 23 583 

Orange 16.854 

Owen 15.149 

Parke 23,000 

Pt-rry 18,778 

Pike 20,486 

Porter 19,175 

Posey 22,333 

Pulaski.... 14 033 
Putnam ...21,478 
Randolph.. 28,653 



Adams.. .. 


.22,2.32 


Franklin.. 


.16,388 


Allen 


.77,270 


Fulton.... 


.17,453 


Bartholo'w 24,594 


Gibson 


.30,(99 


Benton . . . 


.13,123 


Grant 


.54.693 


Blackford 


.17.213 


Greene 


.28.530 


Boone 


.26.321 


Hamilton. 


. 29.914 


Carroll... 


.19,953 


Hancock. . 


.19,189 


Cass 


..34,545 


Harrison . . 


.21,702 


Clark 


.31,835 


Hendricks 


..21,292 


Clay 


. .34,285 


Henry 


.25.088 


Clinton . . . 


.28,202 


Howard . . 


.28.575 


Crawford . 


.13.476 


HuDtingt'] 


Q 28,901 


Daviess... 


..29.914 


Jackson.. 


.26,633 


Dearborn. 


.22.194 


Jasper 


.14,292 


Decatur.. 


.19,518 


Jav 


.26.818 


Dekalb.... 


.25.711 


Jefferson. 


.22 913 


Delaware. 


.49.624 


Jennings. 


.15,757 


Dubois... 


20.357 


Johnson . . 


..20,223 


Elkhart.. 


.45.052 


Knox 


.32.746 


Fayette. . . 


..13,495 


Kosciusko 


..29.109 


Floyd.... 


.30,118 


Lagrange. 


.15.284 


Fountain 


.21,446 


Lake 


. 37,892 



Ripley 19.881 

Rush 20.148 

St Joseph. 58' 881 

Shelby 26.491 

Spencer.... 22,407 

Starke 10,431 

Steuben. ..15.219 
Sullivan.... 26,005 
Switzerlandll.840 
Tippecanoe 38, 659 
Tipton . ...19,116 
Vanderb'rg 71 ,769 
Vermilion... 15. 252 

Vigo 62.035 

Wabash.... 28.235 
Warren ...11.371 
Warrick ...22.329 
Washingt'nl9 409 

Wayne 38.970 

Wells 23,449 

White 19,138 

Whitley.... 17,328 



Adair 16,192 

Adams 13.601 

Alamakee.. 18,711 
Appanoose.25,927 



IOWA.— Total Population, 3,331,853. 

Audubon... 13,626 Bremer .. ..16,305 

Benton 25,177 Buchanan. .21 .427 

Blackhawk 32,-399 Bu'na Vistal6,975 
Boone 28,200 Butler 17,955 



Calhoun.... 18,569 

Carroll 20,.319 

Cass 21,274 

Cedar 19,371 



io6 TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



\Q>^W A.,— Continued. 



Cer' Gordo.20,G72 Guthrie .... 18,729 

Cherokee . .16.570 Hamilton. .19.514 

Chickasaw. 17,037 Hancock. . . 13,752 

Clarke 12.440 Hardin ... 22,794 

Clay 13,401 Harrison.. .25,597 

Clayton. . . . 27,750 Henry 20,022 

Clinton. . . . 43,832 Howard . . . 14,512 

Crawford.. 21, 685 Humboldt. 12,667 

Dallas 23,058 Ida 12,327 

Davis 15,620 Iowa 19,544 

Decatur.... 18,115 Jackson... .23,615 

Delaware. . 19,185 Jasper 26,97B 

Des Moines. 35,989 Jefferson. . 17,437 

Dubuque. .. 56 403 Johnson... .24,817 

Fayette. . . . 29,845 Jones 21,954 

Floyd 17,754 Keokuk .... 24,979 

Franklin. . .14,996 Kossuth. . . .22,720 

Fremont. . .18.546 Lee. ....... 39,719 

Greene 17,820 Linn 55,392 

Grundy. . . . 13,757 Louisa. .... 13.516 



Lucas 16,126 

Lyon 13,165 

Madison... 17,710 
Mahaska... 34,273 

Marion 24,159 

Marshall... 29, 991 

Mills 16,764 

Mitchell.... 14.916 
Monona.... 17,980 
Monroe .... 17,985 
Montgom'y 17,803 
Muscatine. 28,242 
O'Brien.... 16,985 

Page 24,187 

Palo Alto.. 14,354 
Plymouth.. 22,209 
Pocahontasl5,339 

Polk 82,624 

Pottaw'mie54,3.36 
Poweshiek. 19,414 



Ringgold... 15,325 

Sac 17,639 

Scott 51,558 

Shelby 17,932 

Sioux 23,337 

Story 23,159 

Tama 24,585 

Taylor 18,784 

Union 19,928 

Van Buren. 17,354 
Wapello.... 35,426 
Warren .... 20,376 
Washington 20,718 

Wayne 17,491 

Webster ...31,757 
Winnebago 12,725 
Winneshilf 23,731 
Woodbury. 54,610 

Worth 10.887 

Wright. ...18,227 



KANSAS.-Total Population, 1,470,495. 



Allen 19,507 

Anderson.. 13,938 
Atchison... 28,606 

Barton 13,784 

Bourbon.... 24,712 

Brown 22,309 

Butler.. . 23,363 
Chauta'qual 1,804 
Cherokee.. 42,694 

Clay 15,833 

Cloud 18,071 

Coffey 16,643 

Cowley ....30,156 
Crawford.. 38,809 
Dickinson. .21,816 
Doniphan. .15,079 



Douglas.... 25,096 

Elk 11,443 

Franklin. . .21,354 

Garfield 

Geary 10,744 

Greenwood 16,196 
Harper . . . 10,310 
Harvey ....17,591 

Jackson 17,117 

Jefferson . . 17,533 
Jewell.,.. .19,420 
Johnson.. 18,104 
Kingman ..10,663 
Labette.... 27,387 
Lea'nworth4i ',940 
Linn 16,689 



KENTUCKY.— Total 



Adair 14,888 

Allen 14,657 

Anderson... 10,051 
Ballard.... 10, 761 

Barren 23,197 

Bath 14,734 

Bell 1.5,701 

Boone 11,170 

Bourbon... 18.069 

Boyd 18,834 

Boyle 13,817 

Bracken ...12,137 
Breathitt ..14,322 
Br'k'nridge20,534 

Butler 15,896 

Caldwell... 14,510 
Calloway.. 17, 633 
Campbell... 54,223 
Carlisle.. .10,195 
Carter 20,228 



Casey 15,144 

Christian ..37,962 

Clark 16,694 

Clay 15,364 

Crittenden .15,191 

Daviess 38,667 

Edmonson. .10,080 

Elliott 10,387 

Estill 11,669 

Fayette.... 42,071 
Fleming ...17,074 

Floyd 15,5,52 

Franklin... 20,852 
Fulton..... 11, 546 
Garrard.... 12,042 

Grant 13.289 

Graves 33,204 

Grayson ...19,878 

Green 12,2.55 

Greenup ...15.432 



Lyon 


.25,074 


McPherson.21,421 


Marion 


.20.676 


Marshall . . 


.24,355 


Miami 


.21,641 


Mitchell.. 


.14,647 


Montgom'y 29,039 


Morris 


. 11,967 


Nemaha.. 


.20.376 


Neosho . . . 


.19,254 


Norton . . . 


.11,325 


Osage 


. 23,659 


Osborne... 


.11.844 


Ottawa... 


11,182 


Phillips... 


. 14,442 


Population 


, 2,147 


Hardin ... 


.22,937 


Harrison.. 


.18.570 


Hart 


.18,390 


Henderson. 32,907 


Henry 


.14,620 


Hickman . 


.11,745 


Hopkins . . 


.30,995 


Jackson. . . 


.10,561 


Jefferson., 


232.549 


Jessamine 


■I— 1 


Johnson . 


.13,730 


Kenton . . . 


.63,591 


Knox 


.17,372 


Larue 


.10,764 


Laurel 


.17,592 


Lawrence. 


.19,612 


Lewis 


.17,868 


Lincoln... 


.17.059 


Livingstoi 


.11,354 


Logan . . . 


.25,994 



Pottaw'me 18,470 
Reno .... 29,027 
Republic. 18,248 

Rice 14,745 

Riley 13,828 

Saline 17,076 

Sedgwick.. 44,037 
Shawnee... 53,727 

Smith 16,384 

Sumner.... 25,631 
Wabaunsee 12,813 
Washingt'n21,963 

Wilson 15.621 

Woodson... 10, 022 
Wyandotte 73,227 



,174. 

McCracken 28,733 
McLean... 12,448 
Madison.... 25, 607 
Magoffin... 12,006 
Marion ....16,290 
Marshall... 13. 692 

Mason 20,446 

Meade 10,533 

Mercer 14,426 

Monroe.... 13,0o3 
MontgomV 12,834 
Morgan.... 12,792 
Munlenb'g .20,741 

Nelson 16,587 

Nicholas... 11, 952 

Ohio 27,287 

Owen 17,553 

Pendleton.. 14,947 

Pike 22,686 

Pulaski.... 31 ,293 



TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 07 



Rockcastle.12,416 

Scott 18,076 

Shelby 18,340 

Simpson... 11, 624 



KENTUCKY.— Confmwed. 

Taylor 11,075 Warren 29,970 

Todd 17,371 Washmgt'nl4,182 

Trigg 14,073 Wayne 14,892 

Union 21,326 



W^ebster ...20.097 
Whitley.... 25,015 
Woodford.. 13, 134 



I.OUISIANA.— Total 



Acadia.. . . 

Ascension, 

Assumpti' 

Avoyelles. 

Bienville. 

Bossier . . . 

Caddo 

Calcasieu. 
Catahoula 
Claiborne. 
Concordia 
DeSoto... 



.23,483 
,.24,142 
n21,620 
.29,701 
.17,588 
.24,153 
.44,499 
.30.428 
.16,351 
.23,029 
.13,559 
.25 063 



EBat'nR'ge31,153 
E. Car roll.. 11, 373 
E.Feliciana 20,443 

Grant 12,902 

Iberia 29,015 

Iberville... 27 006 
Jefferson ..15,321 
Lafayette.. 22,825 
Lafourche .28,H82 

Lincoln 15,898 

Madison ...12,322 
Morehouse . 16,634 



Population, 1,381 

Natchitoc's33,216 
Orleans... 287, 104 
Ouachita... 20, 947 
Plaquem'nsl3,039 
Pt. Coupee.25,777 
Rapides.... 39. 578 
Red River.. 11. 548 
Richland. ..11,116 

Sabine 15,421 

St. James.. 20, 197 
S.JohnBap.12,330 
St. Landry .52.906 



,625. 

St. Martin .18,940 
St. Mary... 34,145 
St.Tam'anyl3,335 
Tangipah"a 17,625 

Tensas 19,070 

Terrebonne24,464 

Union 18,520 

Vermilion.. 20,705 
Vernon ....10,327 
Webster.... 15, 125 
W.B^nR'ge 10,285 
W.Felici'na 15.994 



Androscog'54,242 
Aroostook. .60,744 
CumberrdlOO,689 
Franklin... 18, 444 



MAINE. -Total Population, 694,466. 

Hancock . . . 37,241 Oxford 32.238 

Kennebec. 59,117 Penobscot .76,246 

Knox 30.406 Piscataquis 16,949 

Lincoln . . . .19,669 Sagadahoc. 20, 330 



Somerset... 33,849 

Waldo 24,185 

Washingfn45,232 
York 64,885 



MARYLAND.— Total Population, 1,190,050. 



Allegany. ..53,694 
AnneArunn40.018 
Baltimore.. 90, 755 
■' City. 508. 957 
Calvert ....10,223 
Caroline... 16,248 



Carroll 33,860 

Cecil 24,662 

Charles.... 18,31 6 
Dorchester.27,962 
Frederick.. 51. 920 
Garrett ....17,701 



Harford.... 28,269 
Ho ward.... 16,715 

Kent 18,786 

Montgom'y 30,451 
Pr. George. 29,898 
Queen Annel8,364 



St. Mary... 18,136 
Somerset ..25,923 

Talbot 20.342 

Washingt'n 45.133 
Wicomico.. 22,852 
Worcester .20,865 



MASSACHUSETTS. -Total Population, 3,805,346. 

Barnstable. 27, 826 Essex 357,030 Hampshire 58,820 Plymouth.113,985 

Berkshire.. 95, 667 Franklin. ..41,209 Middlesex.565,696 Suffolk.. . .611,417 
Bristol .... 252,029 Hampden . 175,603 Norfolk. . . 151,539 Worcester 346,958 



MICHIGAN.— Total Population, 3,430,983. 



Allegan.... 38,812 
Alpena ....18,254 

Antrim 16,568 

Barry 22,514 

Bay 62,378 

Berrien.... 49, 165 
Branch.... 27,811 
Calhoun ...49,315 

Cass 20,876 

Charlevoix. 13, 956 
Cheboyg'n. 15,516 
Chippewa.. 21, 338 
Clinton.... 25. 136 

Delta 23.881 

Dickinson.. 17,890 



Eaton 31,668 

Emmet ....15,931 
Genesee.... 41, 804 
Gogebic... 16,738 
G'dTrav^se 20,479 
Gratiot ....29,889 
Hillsdale... 29, 865 
Houghton .66,063 

Huron 34,162 

Ingham.... 39,818 

Ionia 34,329 

Iosco 10.246 

Isabella.... 22,784 
Jackson. ...48,222 
Kalamazoo 44,310 



Kent 129 714 

Lapeer 27,641 

Leelanaw. .10,556 
Lenawee... 48, 406 
Livingston. 19.664 
Macomb ...33,244 
Manistee... 27 856 
Marquette .41,239 
Mason .....18,8H5 
Mecosta. ...v0,693 
Menominee 27.046 
Midland.... 14,439 

Monroe 32.754 

Montcalm. .32.754 
Muskegon.. 37. 036 



Newaygo ..17,673 
Oakland.... 44,792 
Oceana ....16,644 

Osceola 17,859 

Ottawa ...39,667 
Saginaw ...81,222 
St. Clair ...55,228 
St. Joseph. 23, 889 

Sanilac 35,055 

Shiawassee 33,866 
Tuscola.... 35, 890 
Van Buren.33,274 
Washtenaw47,761 
Wayne.... 348,793 
Wexford... 16,845 



MINNESOTA.— Total Population, 1,751,394. 

Anoka 11,313 Blue Earth.32,263 Carver 17.544 Clay 17,942 

Becker 14,375 Brown 19,787 Chippewa. .12.499 Cotton wo'd 12 069 

Beltrami. . .11,030 Carlton . . . .10,017 Chisago. . . .13,248 Crow Wing.14,250 



lo8 TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



MINNESOTA.— Confmwed. 



Dakota. . . 


.21,733 


Lesueur. . 


..20,234 


Olmsted . 


..23,119 


Dodge . . . 


.13,340 


Lyon 


..14,591 


Ottertail. 


..45,375 


Douglas.. 


.17,964 


McLeod . . 


..19,595 


Pine 


..11,546 


Faribault 


.:22,055 


Marshall. 


..15.698 


Polk 


.35,429 


Fillmore. 


.28,238 


Martin . . . 


..16,936 


Pope 


.12,577 


Freeborn 


.21,838 


Meeker . . 


.17,753 


Ramsey.. 


170,554 


Goodhue. 


31,137 


Morrison . 


..22,891 


Red Lake 


.12,195 


Hennepiu 


228,340 


Mower . . . 


..22,335 


Redwood. 


..17,261 


Houston . 


.15,400 


Murray . . 


..11,911 


Renville.. 


.23,693 


Isanti 


11,675 


Nicollet.. 


.14.774 


Rice 


.26,080 


Jackson. . . 


.14,793 


Nobles. .. 


..14.932 


St. Louis. 


.82,932 


Kandiyohi 


.18.416 


Norman. . 


..15,045 


Scott 


..15,147 


LacquiP^lel4,289 











Sibley 16 862 

Stearns 44 464 

Steele 16,524 

Swift 13,503 

Todd 22,214 

Wabasha.. 18, 924 
Waseca.... 14, 760 
Washington 27,808 
Watonwan. 11, 4ii6 
Winona.... 35,686 

Wright 29.157 

YePMed'nel4,602 



MISSISSIPPI.— Total Population, 1,551,370. 



Adams 30,111 

Alcorn 14,987 

Amite 20 708 

Attala 26,248 

Benton ....10,510 

Bolivar .35.427 

Calhoun.... 16.512 

Carroll 22,116 

Chickasaw. 19.892 
Choctaw ...13,036 
Claiborne.. 20. 787 

Clarke 17,741 

Clay 19,563 

Coahoma ..26,293 

Copiah 34.395 

Covington.. 13.076 
De Soto.... 24,751 
Franklin... 13,678 



Grenada. .. 14,112 
Hancock... 11. 886 
Harrison... 21,002 

Hinds 52,577 

Holmes .... 36,828 
Issaquena.. 10, 400 
Itawamba.. 13 544 

Jackson 16,513 

Jasper .. .15.394 
Jefferson ..21,292 

Jones 17,846 

Kemper.... 20 492 
Lafayette.. 22,110 
Lauderdale38,150 
Lawrence.. 15, 103 

Leake 17,360 

Lee 21,956 

Leflore. . . 23,8.34 



Lincoln ... 21,552 
Lowndes... 29. 095 
Madison.... 32, 493 

Marion 13,501 

Marshall. . . 27,674 

Monroe 31,2! 6 

Montgom'y 16.536 
Neshoba.... 12. 726 
Newton .... 19,708 
Noxubee... 3D,846 
Oktibbeha. 20,183 

Panola 29 027 

Perry 14,682 

Pike 27,545 

Pontotoc... 18, 274 
Prentiss.... 15,788 

Rank in 20,955 

.Scott 14,310 



Sharkey. ...12,178 
Simpson.. ..12 8(J0 

Smith 13.055 

Sunflower.. 16 084 
Tallahat'e.. 19.600 

Tate 20.618 

Tippah ....12 983 
TishomingolO. 124 

Tunica 16.479 

Union 16 522 

Warren.. . 40,912 
Washingn. 49,216 

Wayne 12..539 

Webster.... 13 619 
Wilkinson. .21 453 
Winston.... 14. 124 
Yalobusha. 19,742 
Yazoo 43,948 



MISSOURI Total Population, 3,10G,665, 



Adair. . . . 
Andrew.. 
Atchison. 
Audrain.. 

Barry 

Barton . . . 

Bates 

Benton... 

Bollinger. 

Boone. . . 

Buchanan 

Butler... 

Caldwell. 

Callaway 

Camden.. 

C'eGirMe' 

Carroll. .. 

Cass 

Cedar 

Chariton . 
Christian. 

Clark 

Clay 



..21,728 Clinton 17,363 

..17,332 Cole 20,578 

..16,501 Cooper .22,532 

..21,160 Crawford... 12,959 

..25.532 Dade 18,125 

..18 2.53 Dallas 13,903 

..30,141 Daviess.. ..21,-325 

..16,5.56 Dekalb 14,418 

..14,650 Dent 12.986 

..28 642 Douglas. ...16,802 

.121.888 Dunklin. ...21, 706 

..16,769 Franklin... 30.581 

. .16 656 Gasconade. 12.^98 

..25,984 Gentry 20,554 

..13.113 Greene 52,713 

u24,.315 Grundy.... 17, 832 

. .26 445 Harrison . . .24,398 

..23,636 Henry.. . 28,054 

.16.923 Holt 17,083 

. .26,820 Howard. . . .18 337 

..16.939 Howell.... 21.834 

. . 15,3H3 Jackson. ..19.5,193 

..18,903 Jasper 84,018 



Jefferson... 25,712 
Johnson . . .27,843 

Knox 13,479 

Laclede.... 16 523 
Lafayette.. 31. 679 
Lawrence. .31.662 

Lewis 16,724 

Lincoln. . ..18,352 

Linn 25,503 

Livingston. 22,302 
McDonald.. 13,574 

Macon 33 018 

Marion 26 331 

Mercer 14,706 

Miller 15,187 

Mississippi. 11, 837 
Moniteau... 15,931 

Monroe 19 716 

Montgom'y 16,571 

Morgan 12,175 

N'w Madrid 11,280 
Newton . .27,001 
Nodaway... 32,938 



Oregon 13,906 

Osage 14,096 

Ozark . .12,145 
Pemiscot... 12 115 

Perry 15,134 

Pettis 32,438 

Phelps 14 194 

Pike 25,744 

Platte 16.193 

Polk 23.255 

Pulaski 10.394 

Putnam.... 16,688 

Ralls 12 287 

Randolph.. 24,442 

Ray 24,805 

Ripley 13.186 

St. Charles.24.474 
St. Clair.... 17,907 
Ste. Geneve. 10.359 
St. Fr'ncois24,051 
St. Louis..., 50, 040 
'' " City 575,238 
Saline 33,703 



TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 



Schuyler. ..10,840 
Scotland... 13,5332 

Scott 13,09-2 

Shannon... 11, 247 



MISSOURI.— Co?i<mited. 

Shelby 16.167 

Stoddard . .24,669 
Sullivan... 20, 282 
Taney 10,127 



Texas 22,192 

Vernon ....31,619 
Wash ingt'nl4, 263 



Wayne 15,309 

Webster... 16, 640 
Wright ....17,519 



Cascade . . .25,777 
Choteau ...10,966 



MONTANA. -Total Population, 243,329. 

Deerlodge .17,393 Missoula. .. 13,964 Silverbow.. 47,635 



Le'is&Crkel9,171 



NEBRASKA. 



Adams 18.840 

Antelope... 11, 344 

Boone 11,689 

Buffalo ....20 254 

Burt 13,040 

Butler 15.703 

Cass 21,330 

Cedar 12,467 

Clay 15.735 

Colfax 11,211 

Cuming.... 14,584 



Custer . . . 
Dawson . , 

Dixon 

Dodge . . . 
Douglas.. 
Fillmore. 
Furnas . . 

Gage 

Hall 

Hamilton 
Holt 



—Total 

..19,758 
..12,214 
..10,535 
..22,298 
.140,590 
..15,087 
..12,373 
. .30.051 
.17,206 
..13,330 
..12,224 



Population, 

Howard . . . 
Jefferson . . 
Johnson . . . 

Knox 

Lancaster,. 

Lincoln 

Madison . . . 
Nemaha . . . 
Nuckolls... 

Otoe 

Pawnee 



1,068, 

10,343 
15,196 
11,197 
14.343 
64,835 
11,416 
16,976 
14,952 
12.414 
22,288 
11,770 



539. 

Phelps 10,772 

Platte...... 17. 747 

Polk 10,542 

Richardson 19.614 

Saline 18,252 

Saunders ..22,085 
Seward .... 15,690 
Thayer ....14,325 
Washingt'nl3,086 
Webster ...11,619 
York. 18,205 



NEVADA.— Total Population, 42,335. 



Belknap 

Carroll 16,895 

Cheshire... 31, 321 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. -Total Population, 411,588. 

19,526 Coos 29,468 Merrimack. 52, 430 Strafford 



Graf ton.... 40,844 
Hillsboro.. 112,640 



Ro'kingh'm51,118 Sullivan 



NEW JERSEY. -Total Population, 1,883,669. 



Essex 359,053 

Gloucester. 31. 905 
Hudson... 386,048 
Hunterdon. 34, 507 
Mercer 95,365 



Middlesex.. 79,762 
Monmouth.82,057 
Morris. ..65,156 

Ocean 19,747 

Passaic. . .155,202 



Salem . . . 
Somerset 
Sussex.. . 

Union 

Warren . . 



Atlantic ...46,402 

Bergen 78,441 

Burlington.58,241 
Camden... 107,643 
Cape May.. 13,201 
Cumberrd.51,193 

NEW MEXICO.— Total Population, 195,310. 

Bernalillo. .28,630 Grant 12,883 San Miguel 22.053 Taos 

Colfax 10,150 Mora 10,304 Santa Fe.. .14,658 

Donna Ana 10, 187 Rio Arriba. 13,777 Socorro 12,195 



.39.337 

.18,009 



.25,530 
.32,948 
.24,134 
.99,353 
.37,781 



Valencia. 



10,889 
,13,895 



NEW YORK. -Total 



Albany ...165,571 
Allegany ..41,501 
Broome.... 69 149 
Catt'raug^s 65,643 
Cayuga.... 66,234 
Chatauqua 88,314 
Chemung.. 54. 063 
Chenango.. 36. 568 
Clinton.... 47, 430 
Columbia.. 43,211 
Cortland... 27, 576 
Delaware.. 46, 41 3 
Dutchess ..81,670 

Erie 433,686 

Essex 30,707 



.42,853 
.42.842 
.31,561 
.31.478 
.51,049 
.76,748 



Franklin . 
Fulton. . 
Genesee . 
Greene . . 
Herkimer 
Jefferson 
Kings... 1,166,582 

Lewis 27,427 

Livingston. 37,059 
Madison . ..40,545 
Monroe... 21 7. 854 
Montgom'y47,488 
Nassau — 55,448 
N. York.2,050,600 
Niagara — 74,961 



Population, 7,368, 

Oneida ...132,800 
Onondaga 168,735 



49,605 
103,859 

30,164 
.70.881 
.48.939 
.13.787 



Ontario 
Orange . 
Orleans. 
Ossvego. 
Otsego.. 
Putnam. 
Queens ...152.999 
Rensselaerl21,697 
Richmond. 67. 021 
Rockland.. 38,298 
St.Lawr'ce89.083 
Saratoga... 61, 089 
Schenect'y.46,852 



013. 

Schoharie.. 26. 854 
Schuyler... 15. 811 

Seneca 28,114 

Steuben.... 82, 822 
Suffolk ....77.582 
Sullivan ...32,300 

Tioga 27.951 

Tompkins.. 33, 830 

Ulster 88,422 

Warren... 29,943 
Washingt'n45,624 
Wayne ....48,660 
Westch's'r 183,375 
Wyoming.. 30, 413 
Yates 20,318 



no TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 



NORTH CAROLINA.— Total Population, 1,893,810. 



Alamance. 
Alexander 

Anson 

Ashe 

Beaufort.. 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 
Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus . 
Caldwell.. 
Carteret . . 
Caswell .. 
Catawba . . 
Chatham . 
Cherokee . 
Chowan... 
Cleveland. 
Columbus. 
Craven . . . 



. 25,065 Cumberrd . 29,249 

. 10,960 Davidson . .23,403 

.21,870 Davie 12,115 

.19,581 Duplin 22,405 

.26,404 Durham . . .26,233 

.20,538 Edgecombe26,591 

.17,677 Forsyth.... 35, 261 

.12.657 Frankhn... 25,116 

.44,288 Gaston 27,903 

.17,699 Gates 10,413 

.22,456 Granville . .23,263 

.15,694 Greene 12,038 

.11,811 Guilford... 39.074 

15,028 Halifax.... 30, 793 

.22,133 Harnett.... 15,988 

.23,912 Haywood . .16,222 

.11,860 Henderson. 14,104 

.10,258 Hertford... 14 294 

.25,078 Iredell 29,064 

.21,274 Jackson.... 11, 853 

. 24, 160 Joh nston . . 32 250 



Lenoir 18,639 

Lincoln 15.498 

McDowell.. 12, 567 
Macon . .. .12.104 
Madison ...20,644 

Martin 15,383 

Mecklenb'g 55,268 
Mitchell.... 15,221 
Montgom'y 14,197 

Moore 23,622 

Nash 25,478 

N.Han over. 25, 785 
North'pton.21,150 

Onslow 11.940 

Orange ....14.690 
Pasquotankl 3,660 

Pender 13,381 

Perquim'nsl0,091 

Person 16,685 

Pitt . ..30,889 
Randolph.. 28,232 



Richmond .28,408 
Robeson ...40,371 
Ro^kingh'm33,163 

Rowan 31,066 

Rutherford25.101 
Sampson. ..26,3^-0 

Stanly 15,220 

Stokes.. ..19,866 

Surry 25,515 

Union 27,156 

Vance 16.684 

Wake 54,626 

Warren.... 19, 151 
Washingt'nl 0,608 
Watauga. ..13,417 

W^ayne 31,356 

Wilkes 26,872 

Wilson... .23.596 
Yadkin.... 14,083 
Yancey ....11,464 



NORTH DAKOTA.— Total Population, 319,146. 



Barnes ....13.159 Cavalier. .12,580 
Cass 28,625 Gr'd Forks. 24,459 



Pembina... 17,869 
Richland... 17,387 



Traill 13,107 

Walsh 20,288 



OHIO.— Total Population, 4,157,545. 



Adams 26,328 

Allen 47,976 

Ashland ...21,184 
Ashtabula. 51 44H 
Athens ....H8,730 
Auglaize. ..31.192 
Belmont... 60,875 

Brown 28,237 

Butler 56,870 

Carroll 16,811 

Champaign 26,642 

Clark 58,939 

Clermont ..31,610 
Clinton ....24,202 
Columbi'na68,590 
Coshocton. 29, 337 
Crawford.. 33, 91 5 
Cuyahoga 439,120 

Darke 42,532 

Defiance ...26,387 
Delaware.. 26.401 
Erie 37,650 



Fairfield. 


.34,259 


Licking . . 


..47,070 


Portage.. 


.29,246 


Fayette . . 


.21,725 


Logan . . . 


.30,420 


Preble . . . 


.23.713 


Franklin . 


164.460 


Lorain 


.54,857 


Putnanj.. 


.32,525 


Fulton . . . 


..22,801 


Lucas 


.153,559 


Richland. 


..44.289 


Gallia.... 


..27,918 


Madison . 


.20,590 


Ross 


.40,940 


Geauga . 


14,744 


Mahoning 


.70,134 


Sandusky 


.34,3)1 


Greene. .. 


.31,613 


Marion. . . 


.28,678 


Scioto 


.40,981 


Guernsey 


..34,425 


Medina . . 


.21,958 


Seneca — 


.41,163 


Hamilton. 409,479 


Meigs 


.28,620 


Shelby... 


.24,625 


Hancock. 


.41,993 


Mercer. . . 


.28,021 


Stark 


.94,747 


Hardin . . 


.31,187 


Miami — 


.43,105 


Summit.. 


.71,715 


Harrison. 


.20,486 


Monroe . . 


.27,031 


Trumbull . 


.46,591 


Henry . . . 


.27.282 


Montgm^ 130,146 


Tuscaraw' 


s53,751 


Highland 


.30,98-2 


Morgan . . . 


.17,905 


Union 


.22,342 


Hocking. 


.24,398 


Morrow . . . 


.17,879 


Van Wert. 


.30,394 


Holmes . . 


.19 511 


Muskingum53,185 


Vinton.... 


.15,330 


Huron . . . 


32,330 


Noble.... 


.19,466 


Warren . . . 


.25,584 


Jackson. . 


.34,248 


Ottawa . 


22,213 


Washing'r 


.48,245 


Jefferson . 


.44,357 


Paulding. . 


.27,528 


Wayne 


.37,870 


Knox 


.27,708 


Perry 


.31,841 


Williams. . 


.24.953 


Lake 


.21,680 


Pickaway. 


.27,016 


Wood 


.51,555 


Lawrence. 


.39,534 


Pike 


.18,172 


Wyandot . 


.21,125 



OKLAHOMA.— Total Population, 398,345. 



Blaine 10,658 

Canadian ..15,981 
Cleveland.. 16,388 

Custer 12,264 

Garfield.... 22,076 



Grant .....17,273 

Greer 17,922 

Kay 22,530 

Kingfisher. 18.501 
Lincoln.... 27,007 



Logan 26,538 

Noble 14,015 

Oklahoma. 25,854 
Pawnee.... 12,366 



Payne ... .20,909 
Pottawat'e.26,412 
Washita... 15,001 
Woods 34,975 



TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STA TES. 1 1 1 

OREGON. -Total Population, 413,536. 

Baker x5,597 Douglas .. .14,565 Marion 27,713 Wasco 13,199 

Clackamas 19,658 Jackson . . .13,698 Multno'ah 103,167 Washing'n. 14,467 

Clatsop.... 12, 765 Lane 19,604 Umatilla. ..18.049 Yamhill ...13,420 

Coos 10,324 Linn 18,603 Union 16,070 



PENNSYI.VANIA.-Total 



Adams 34,496 

A legh'ny. 775,058 
Armstrong. 52,551 

Beaver 56,432 

Bedford.... 39, 468 

Berks 159,615 

Blair. 85,099 

Bradford ..59,403 

Bucks 71,190 

Butler 56,962 

Cambria.. 104, 83? 
Carbon ....44,510 
Center. ...42,894 
Chester.... 95, 695 
Clarion.... 34, 283 
Clearfield.. 80,614 



Clinton.... 29,197 
Columbia.. 39, 896 
Crawford.. 63, 643 
CumberPd. 50,344 
Dauphin.. 114, 443 
Delaware . .94,762 

Elk 32,903 

Erie 98,473 

Fayette... 110, 412 

Forest 11,039 

Franklin.... M,902 

Greene 28,281 

Huntingd'n34,650 
Indiana ....42,556 
Jefferson . .59,113 
Juniata.. . .16,054 



Population, 6,303 

Lackaw'a.193,831 
Lancaster. 159,241 
Lawrence. .57,042 
Lebanon... 53, 827 

Lehigh 93,893 

Luzerne ..257,121 
Lycoming .75,663 
McKean....51,343 
Mercer. ...57,387 

Mifflin 23,160 

Monroe . . 21.161 
MontgoVy 138.995 
Montour... 15,526 
North^pton 99,687 
North'b'rd.90,911 
Perry 26,263 



,115. 

Phila.... 1,293, 697 

Potter 30.621 

Schuylkill 172,927 
Snyder...,. 17,304 
Somerset . .49,461 
Sullivan ...12,134 
Susqueh^na40,043 

Tioga 49,086 

Union 17,592 

Venango... 49, 648 
Warren.. .38,946 
Washing^n.92,181 
Wayne. ...30,171 
WestmTd 160,175 
Wyoming.. 17, 152 
York 116,413 



RHODE ISIiAND.— Total Population, 428,556. 

Bristol 13,144 Newport. . .32,599 Provid'nce328,683 Washing'n.24,154 

Kent 29,976 



SOUTH 

Abbeville . .33,400 

Aiken 39,032 

Anderson.. 55,728 
Bamberg... 17,296 
Barn well... 35,504 
Beaufort. ..35,495 
Berkeley... 30,454 
Charleston. 88,006 
Cherokee.. 21, 359 
Chester.... ^8,616 



CAROIilNA.— Total Population, 1 



Chesterfi'd. 
Clarendon. . 
Colleton . . . 
Darlington. 
Dorchester. 
Edgefield . . 
Fairfield . . . 
Florence . . . 
Georgeto'n. 
Greenville . 



20,401 
28,184 
33,452 
32 388 
16,294 
25,478 
29,425 
28,474 
22,846 
53,490 



Greenwood 
Hampton . , 

Horry 

Kershaw.. 
Lancaster., 
Laurens . . 
Lexington , 

Marion 

Marlboro . 
Newberry., 



.28,343 
.23,738 
.23,364 
.24,696 
.24,311 
.37,38-^ 
,27,264 
,35,181 
.27,639 
.30,182 



,340,316. 

Oconee . . . .23.634 
Orangeb^g. 59,663 
Pickens .... 19,375 
Richland . .45,589 

Saluda 18,966 

Spartanb'g 65,560 
Sumter ....51,237 

Union 25,501 

Willi'msb'g31,685 
York 41,684 



SOUTH DAKOTA.— Total Population, 401,570. 

Bonhomme 10,379 Day 12,254 Lincoln ... .12,161 Turner 13,175 

Brookings.. 12,561 Hutchinson 11,897 Minnehaha 23.926 Union 11,153 

Brown 15,286 Lawrence. .17,897 Roberts.. ..12,216 Yankton. .12,649 



TENNESSEE.— Total Population, 2,020,616. 



Anderson.. 17,634 
Bedford ...23,845 

Benton 11,888 

Blount 19,206 

Bradley.... 4 5,759 
Campbell.. 17,317 
Cannon.... 12,121 

Carroll 24,250 

Carter 16,688 

Cheatham .10,112 
Claiborne.. 20, 696 

Cocke 19,153 

Cofifee 15,574 



Crockett... 15,867 
Davidson.. 122,815 
Decatur.... 10,439 

Dekalb 16,460 

Dickson.... 18, 635 

Dyer 23.776 

Fayette.... 29, 701 
Franklin... 20,392 

Gibson .39,408 

Giles 33,035 

Grainger... 15,512 

Greene 30,596 

Hamblen... 12,728 



Hamilton.. 61, 695 
Hancock. ..11,147 
Hardeman. 22, 976 

Hardin 19,246 

Hav/kins...24 267 
Haywood.. 25,189 
Henderson. 18,117 

Henry 2i,208 

Hickman ..16,367 
Humphr'ysl3,398 
Jackson.... 15,039 
Jefferson . 18,590 
Johnson... 10,589 



Knox . . 

Lauderdale 
Lawrence . . 

Lincoln 

Loudon 

McMinn 

McNairy. .. 

Macon 

Madison . . . 

Marion 

Marshall... 

Maury 

Monroe . . . . 



74,302 
21,971 
15,402 
26,304 
10,838 
19,163 
17,760 
12 881 
36,333 
17,281 
18,763 
42,703 
18,585 



112 TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Montgo'ry. 36,017 

Obion 28,286 

Overton 13,353 

Polk 11,357 

Putnam.... 16,890 

Rhea 14,318 

Roane 22,738 



TENNESSEE.— Con^mwed. 

Robertson . 25,029 Stewart .... 15,224 

Rutherford 33,543 Sullivan . . . 24,935 

Scott 11,077 Sumner... 26,072 

Sevier 22,021 Tipton 29,273 

Shelby .... 153,557 Union 12,894 

Smith 19,026 Warren .... 16,410 

TEXAS.— Total Population, 3,048,710. 



Anderson.. 28,015 
Angelina. ..13,481 

Austin 20,676 

Bastrop.... 26 ,845 

Bell 45,535 

Bexar 69,422 

Bosque ....17,390 

Bowie 26,676 

Brazoria... 14,861 

Brazos 18,859 

Brow^n .....16,019 
Burleson. .18,367 

Burnet 10,528 

Caldwell... 21 ,765 
Cameron... 16, 095 

Cass 22,841 

Cherokee.. 25, 154 
Coleman. . .10,077 

Collin 50,087 

Colorado...V2,203 
Comanche. 23 ,009 

Cooke 27,494 

Coryell 21,308 

Dallas 82,726 

Delta 15,249 



Denton . . . . 

Dewitt 

Eastland. . . 

Ellis 

El Paso . . . 

Erath 

Falls 

Fannin 

Fayette 

Fort Bend. , 
Freestone. , 
Galveston . , 
Gonzales. . . 
Grayson . . . 

Gregg 

Grimes 

Guadalupe, 
Hamilton . 

Harris 

Harrison. .. 

Hays , 

Henderson , 

Hill 

Hopkins . . . 
Houston . . , 



28,318 Hunt 47,295 

21,311 Jack 10,224 

17,971 Jefferson ..14,239 

50,059 Johnson ...33,819 

24,886 Kaufman . .33,376 

29,966 Lamar 48,627 

33.342 Lavaca.... 28,121 

51,793 Lee 14,595 

36,542 Leon 18,072 

16,538 Limestone. 35>,573 

18,910 McLennan .59,772 

44,116 Madison ...10,432 

28,882 Marion 10,754 

63,661 Milam 39,666 

12.343 Montague.. 24, 800 
26,106 Montgom'yl7,067 
21 ,385 Nacogdo^s .24,663 
13,520 Navarro . . .43,374 

63,786 Nueces 10,439 

31,878 Palo Pinto. 12,291 

14,142 Panola 21,404 

19,970 Parker 25,823 

41,355 Polk 14,447 

27,950 Red River. .29,893 
25,452 



Washing' n. 22,604 

Wayne 12,936 

Weakley... 32,546 

White 14,157 

Williamson. 26,429 
Wilson 27,078 



Robertson. 31 ,480 

Rusk 26,099 

San Jacintol0,277 
Shelby. ,..20,452 

Smith 37,370 

Starr 11,469 

Tarrant.... 52 ,.376 

Taylor 10,499 

Titus 12,292 

Travis 47,386 

Trinity 10,976 

Tyler 11,899 

Upshur ....16,266 
VanZandt.25,481 
Victoria.... 13,678 

Walker 15,813 

Waller 14,246 

Washiug'n. 3.^9.31 

Webb 21,851 

Wharton... 16, 942 
Williamson 38,072 

Wilson 13,961 

Wise 27,116 

Wood 21,048 



Boxelder...l 0,009 
Cache 18,139 



UTAH.— Total Population, 376,749. 



Juab 10,082 

Salt Lake.. 77 ,725 



Sanpete. ...16,313 
Utah 32,456 



Weber 25,239 



VERMONT Total Population, 343,641. 



Addison.... 21 ,912 
Bennington 21 ,705 
Caledonia.. 24 ,381 



Chittenden. 39,600 
Franklin... 30, 198 
Lamoille... 12,289 



Orange 19,313 

Orleans.... 22 ,024 
Rutland.... 44 ,209 



Washing'n.36,607 
Windham.. 26 ,660 
Windsor... 32.2^5 



Accomac. . 
Albemarle 
Alleghany 
Amherst. . 
Augusta . . 
Bedford... 
Botetourt. 
Brunswick 
Bucking'm 
Campbell . 
Caroline . . 
Carroll 



VIRGINIA.-Total Population, 1,854,184. 

3?,570 Charlotte . .15,343 Grayson . . . 16,853 Montgom'yl5,852 

28,473 ChesterfiM. 18,804 Halifax ... .37,197 NansemoM.28,078 

16,330 Culpeper... 14,123 Hanover. . .17,618 Nelson 16,075 

17,Sfi4 Dinwiddie.. 15,374 Henrico. .. .30,062 Norfolk. .. .50,780 

32,370 Eliz'b'h C'yl9,460 Henry 19,265 North'pton.13,770 

.30,356 Fairfax . . .]8,5S0 I. of Wight. 13,102 Nottoway. . 12,366 

17,161 Fauquier ..23,374 Lee 19,856 Orange 12,571 

18,217 Floyd 15,388 Loudoun... 21 ,948 Page 13,794 

15,268 Franklin. . .25,953 Louisa 16,517 Patrick ... .15,403 

23,256 Frederick.. 13,239 Lunenberg. 11,705 Pittsvlva'ia46,894 

16,709 Giles 10,793 Madison .. .10,216 P^ceEdw'd. 15,045 

19,303 Gloucester. 12,832 Mecklenb'g26,551 Pr'essAnnell,192 



TWELFTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 113 



VIRGINIA.-Co7ifmwed. 



P'ceWilli'mll,112 
Pulaski ...14,609 
Roanoke... 15, 837 
Rockbridge 21 ,799 
Rocking'm.33,5\i7 

Russell 18,031 

Scott 22,694 



Shenand'h .20,253 

Smyth 17,121 

South'pton.22,848 

Sussex 12,082 

Tazewell... 23, 384 
Washing*n.28,995 
Wise 19,653 



Wvthe 20,437 

City of— 
Alexandra. 14,528 
Danville... 16,520 
Lynchb'g.18,891 
N'pt.Newsl9,635 



City of— 
Norfolk... 46 ,624 
Petersb'g.21,810 
Portsm'th.17,427 
Richmond 85,050 
Roanoke.. 21 ,495 



WASHINGTON. -Total Population, 518,103. 

Chehalis... 15,124 Lincoln ... .11,969 Spokane ... 57,542 Whatcom. .24,116 

Clarke 13,419 Pierce 55,515 Stevens.... 10,543 Whitman ..25,360 

King 110,053 Skagit 14,272 Wallawalla. 18,680 Yakima... .13,462 

Lewis 15,157 Snohomish. 23 ,950 



WEST VIRGINIA.— Total Population, 958,800. 



Barbour . . , 
Berkeley. . . 
Braxton . . . 

Cabell 

Calhoun . . . 
Doddridge . 

Fayette 

Gilmer 

Greenbrier. 
Hampshire 
Harrison . . . 



14,198 
19,469 
18,904 
29,252 
10,266 
13,689 
31,987 
1] ,762 
20,683 
11,806 
27,690 



Jackson . . . 
Jefferson . 
Kanawha . 

Lewis 

Lincoln . . . 
McDowell . 
Marion. . . . 
Marshall . . 

Mason 

Mercer . . . . 
Mineral . . . 



.22,987 Mingo 11,359 

.15,935 Monongalia 19, 049 

.54,696 Monroe.... 13,130 

.16,980 Nicholas... 11, 403 

.15,434 Ohio 48,024 

.18,747 Preston.... 22,727 

.32,430 Putnam.... 17, 330 

.26,444 Raleigh.... 12,436 

24,142 Randolph.. 17, 670 

.23,023 Ritchie .. 18,901 
.12,883 



Roane 19,852 

Summers ..16,265 

Taylor 14,978 

Tucker 13,433 

Tyler 18,252 

Upshur.... 14, 696 

Wayne 23,619 

Wetzel... .22,880 

Wirt 10,284 

Wood 34,452 



WISCONSIN.— Total Population, 3,069,043. 



Ashland . . 

Barron 

Bayfield. . . 
Brown .... 
Buffalo . . . , 
Calumet . . 
Chippewa., 

Clark 

Columbia. , 
Crawford. 

Dane 

Dodge 

Door 

Douglas. . . 
Dunn 



20,176 Eau Claire. 31 ,692 

23,677 Fo'dduLac47,589 

] 4,392 Grant 38,881 

46,359 Green 22.719 

16,765 Green Lake 15,797 

17,078 Iowa 23,114 

33,037 Jackson.. '..17,466 

25,848 Jefferson ..34,789 

31,121 Juneau .... 20,629 

17,286 Kenosha... 2 1,707 

69,435 Kewaunee. 17,212 

46,631 La Crosse.. 42,997 

17,583 Lafayette.. 20, 959 

36,335 Langlade . .12,553 

25.043 Lincoln.... 16,269 



Manitowoc. 42 ,261 
Marathon. .43,256 
Marinette.. 30,822 
Marquette . 10,509 
Milwa'kee.330,017 
Monroe ....28,103 

Oconto 20,874 

Outagamie.'16,247 
Ozaukee... 16,363 

Pierce 23,943 

Polk 17,801 

Portage... 29,483 

Racine 45,644 

Richland. ..19,483 
Rock 51,203 



St. Croix... 26,830 

Sauk 33,006 

Shawano.. -27 ,475 
Sheboygan. 50,345 
Taylor.. ..11,262 
Trempearu23,114 
Vernon ....28,351 
Walworth.. 29,259 
Washington 23,589 
Waukesha.. 35 ,229 
Waupaca.. 31 ,61 5 
Waushara.. 15,972 
Winnebago 58,225 
Wood 25,865 



WYOMING.— Total Population, 93,531. 

Albany 13,084 Laramie 20,181 Uinta 12,223 

ALASKA.— Total Population, 63,441. 

Northern district 30,578 Southern district 32,863 

HAWAII.— Total Population, 154,001. 

Island of Islands of Kauai Island of Island of 
Hawaii.... 46,843 &Niihau. .20,734 Maui 25,416 Oahu 58,504 

INDIAN TERRITORY.— Total Population, 391,960. 

Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw Creek 

nation ... 101 ,754 nation . . . 139,260 



nation 99 ,681 nation 40 ,674 



INDEX. 



Accidental inventions, 13 

Act revising and amending the 
statutes relating to patents, 
46 

Agents, 61 

Applicants, 17 

Application for patent, form for, 
86 

As to the patent, 14 

Assignment of entire interest be- 
fore issue of patent, 91 
of entire interest in patent, 

93 
of undivided interest, 95 

Attorneys, 15 

Bessemer steel process, 10 
Broad claims, 16 

Caveats and record of inven- 
tion, 19 

Census, 103 

Claims, broad, 16 

Combination claims, 16 

Company, formation of, 78 
limited liability, 84 

Contract, form of, 24, 25 

Development of invention, 22 
Design patents, 30 

Engine, steam, example of, 8 



Exhibit of the invention, 27 
Faculty of inventing, 7 
Foreign patents, 38-45 

Argentine Republic 

Australia 

Austria 

Belgium 

British India 

Canada 

Chili 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain 

Hungary 

Italy 

Norway 

Portugal 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 
Form for application for a pat 

ent, 86 
Formation of a company, 78 
Fraud in the sale of patents, 26 

Grants, territorial, 58 

How patents promote trade, 34 

Inventing, faculty of, 7 



INDEX. 



115 



Invention, the result of investi- 
gation, 12 

development of, 22 

exhibit of, 27 

as an art, 64 
Inventions, accidental, 13 

of women, 29 

money in, 35 
Inventor and invention, 10 

and promoter, 75 

and assignee of undivided 
interest, 23 

Joint ownership, 37 

Large inventions, 10 

Laws relating to patents and 

patent causes passed b}^ the 

Fifty-fourth Congress, 46 
Law, State, regulating sale of 

patents, 69 
Limited liability companies, 84 
License, shop right, 101 

not exclusive, 99 

with royalty, 99 

Machines, design patents on, 30 
Money in inventions, 35 

New departure, 12 
Newspaper notoriet}^ value of, 
54 

Oath, 89 
Ownership, joint, 37 

Partly expired patents, 38 
Patent law and patent office 
rules, 14 
reversion of, 25 



Patents, who may obtain, 17 

State laws controlling the 
sale of, 69 

for designs, 30 

as the basis of business, 32 

partly expired, 38 

value of, 62 

foreign, application for, 86 
Petition for sole inventor, 86 

for joint inventors, 86 
Profits from invention, 32 
Promoter and patentee, 75 

Record of invention, value of, 

20 
Reversion of a patent, 25 

Selling agents, 61 

Small inventions, 10 

Specification, 87 

State laws regulating the sale of 

patents, 69 
Steam engine, example of, 8 
Suggestions, value of, 12 

Tale with a moral, 56 
Territorial grants, 55 

interest, assignments of, 97 
Trade, how patents promote, 34 

Undivided interest, assignment 
of, 23 

Value of newspaper notoriety, 
54 
of suggestions, 12 
of a patent, 62 

Wealth from inventions, 37 
Westinghouse air brake, 10 
Women, inventions of, 29 



MEMORANDA. 



ii6 



MEMORANDA. 



117 



MEMORANDA. 



U8 



MEMORANDA. 



119 



MECHAHICAL MOVEMENTS, 

POWERS, DEVICES, AND APPLIANCES. 

By GARDNER D. HISCOX, H.E., 

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